Text knode: The First English Civil War (from Wikipedia)

Fact No	Subject	Verb	Object	Weight
1	three wars	known	as the English Civil War (or "Wars"	1
2	First English Civil War	commenced	series of three wars	1
3	English Civil War	was	series of armed conflicts and political machinations that took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1651, and includes the Second English Civil War	1
4	English Civil War	refer	collectively to the civil wars in England and the Scottish Civil War	1
5	this resistance	is not	usually included as part of the English Civil War	1
6	English Civil War	can be divided	into three: the First English Civil War	1
7	accounts	summarize	two sides that fought the English Civil Wars as the Royalist Cavaliers of Charles I of England versus the Parliamentarian Roundheads of Oliver Cromwell	2
8	both sides	changed	significantly during the conflicts	1
9	loyalties	shifted	for various reasons	1
10	Irish Confederate Wars	continued	in Ireland	1
11	Irish Confederate Wars	continued	starting with the Irish Rebellion of 1641, and ending with the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland	1
12	wars	were	distinct countries in political organisation	1
13	wars	formed	part of, a linked series of conflicts and civil wars between 1639 and 1652 in the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, which at that time shared a monarch	1
14	wars	were	inextricably mixed with	1
15	incidents	had	little or no direct connection with those of the English Civil War	1
16	linked conflicts	are	also known as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms by some recent historians, aiming to have a unified overview, rather than treating parts of the other conflicts as a background to the English Civil War	1
17	first and last of these motives	animated	foot-soldiery of the Royal armies	1
18	enemy	were	rebels and fanatics	1
19	soldiers of fortune from the German wars	felt	all the regulars' contempt for citizen militia	1
20	rebels	were	addition, bourgeois	1
21	other side	felt	them as religious	1
22	other side	saw	causes of the quarrel primarily and apparently as political, but ultimately	1
23	elements of resistance in Parliament and the nation	were	at first confused, and, later, strong and direct	1
24	most moderate men of either party	were	to admit compromise	1
25	most moderate men of either party	were	sufficiently in sympathy	1
26	Democracy, moderate republicanism, and the simple desire for constitutional guarantees	could	hardly make head of themselves against the various forces of royalism	1
27	this waging war at first with the rest on the political issue, soon	brought	religious issue to the front	1
28	backbone of resistance	was	Puritan element	1
29	no man on either side	save	Charles himself supported	1
30	Presbyterian system, even more rigid than that of the Archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud, and the other bishops	seemed destined	for replacement by the Independents and by their ideal of free conscience	1
31	men capable of the effort	imposed	ideals on the rest by the force of their trained wills	1
32	men capable of the effort	came	to the front	1
33	Material force	favored	Parliamentary party	1
34	They	controlled	navy, the nucleus of an army that was being organised for the Irish war, and nearly all the financial resources of the country	5
35	trained bands	drilled	once a month	1
36	trained bands	provided	cadres for new regiments	1
37	They	had	sympathies of most of the large towns	1
38	they	gained	start in war preparations, which they never lost	1
39	Earl of Warwick, the Earl of Essex, the Earl of Manchester, and other nobles and gentry of their party	possessed	great wealth and territorial influence	1
40	he	raise	men without authority from Parliament	1
41	he	could	by means of impressment and the Lords-Lieutenant	1
42	He	was	therefore dependent on the financial support of his chief adherents, such as the Earl of Newcastle and the Earl of Derby	1
43	England	was	already a law-abiding nation	1
44	Both parties	raised	men	1
45	Royalist leader	had	posse comitatus	1
46	Royalist leader	indicted	enemy before the grand jury of the county as disturbers of the peace	1
47	local forces	could	by producing valid written authority, induce	1
48	local forces	were	everywhere employed	1
49	This thread of local feeling and respect for the laws	runs	through the earlier operations of both sides, almost irrespective of the main principles at stake	1
50	promising scheme	failed	to serve beyond the limits of their own county	1
51	offensive	lay	with the King	1
52	his cause	suffered	from this far more than that of his enemies	1
53	real spirit of the struggle	proved	very different	1
54	Anything	prolonged	struggle, or seemed like wont of energy and avoidance of a decision	1
55	Anything	was	bitterly resented by the men of both sides	1
56	They	learned	by the severe lesson of Edgehill that raw armies cannot bring wars to a speedy issue	1
57	They	had	hearts in the quarrel	1
58	This passage from the Memoirs of a Cavalier	ascribed	to Daniel Defoe	1
59	prolongation of a war	is	admirable summary of the character of the Civil War	1
60	prolongation of a war	meant	continued employment for the soldiers	1
61	original decision-compelling spirit	was seen	when pitched against regular professional continental troops the Battle of the Dunes during the Interregnum	1
62	original decision-compelling spirit	permeated	whole organisation	1
63	most of the population of England	be	advice good or bad	1
64	most of the population of England	looked	with suspicion on the professional soldiers of fortune	1
65	Nearly all those Englishmen	loved	war for its own sake	1
66	Nearly all those Englishmen	were	too closely concerned for the welfare of their country to attempt the methods of the Thirty Years' War in England	1
67	formal organisation of both armies	was based	on the Swedish model, which had become the pattern of Europe after the victories of Gustavus Adolphus	1
68	man in the ranks	was	highly finished automaton	1
69	It	gave	better scope for the morale of the individual than the old-fashioned Spanish and Dutch formations	1
70	King	raised	his standard at Nottingham on 22 August 1642	1
71	side	endeavouring	to secure, or to deny to the enemy, fortified country-houses, territory, and above all arms and money	1
72	fighting	started	on a small scale in many districts	1
73	Peace negotiations	went on	in the midst of these minor events, until there came from the Parliament an ultimatum, so aggressive as to fix the war-like purpose of the still vacillating court at Nottingham, and in the country at large, to convert many thousands of waverers to active Royalism	1
74	Charles	had had	1,500 men	1
75	though very deficient in arms and equipment	was not	greatly inferior in numbers or enthusiasm to that of Parliament	1
76	Charles	stood	at the head of an army	5
77	20,000 strong, exclusive of detachments)	was organized	during July, August, and September about London, and moved from there to Northampton under the command of Lord Essex	1
78	Marquess of Hertford in South Wales, Hopton in Cornwall, and the young Earl of Derby in Lancashire, and small parties in almost every county of the west and the Midlands	were	in arms for the King	1
79	Queen Henrietta Maria	was	busy in Holland, arranging for the importation of war material and money	1
80	North of the Tees	was raising	troops and supplies for the King	1
81	royal	cause	being strongest in York and the North Riding, that of the Parliamentary party, in the clothing towns of the West Riding	1
82	Sir John Hotham, the military governor, and the garrison	supported	Parliament	1
83	important seaport of Hull	had	royalist civilian population	1
84	ammunition	stored	in the city	1
85	Charles	had tried	to seize ammunition	1
86	Charles	had been	forcefully rebuffed	1
87	Newcastle thereupon	prepared	to invade Yorkshire	1
88	Yorkshire gentry	made	attempt to neutralise the county	1
89	whole of the south and east, as well as parts of the Midlands and the west, and the important towns of Bristol and Gloucester	stood	on the side of the Parliament	1
90	small Royalist force	was compelled	to evacuate Oxford on 10 September	2
91	King, in order to find recruits amongst his sympathisers and arms in the armouries of the Derbyshire and Staffordshire, trained bands and also to keep in touch with his disciplined regiments in Ireland by way of Chester	moved	westward to Shrewsbury	1
92	Essex	followed	suit by marching his army from Northampton to Worcester	5
93	sharp cavalry engagement	took	place on 23 September between the advanced cavalry of Essex's army, and a force under Prince Rupert, which was engaged in protecting the retirement of the Oxford detachment	7
94	result of the fight	was	immediate overthrow of the Parliamentary cavalry	1
95	he	found	Royalist officers eager to attack Essex's new position at Worcester	1
96	Rupert	withdrew	to Shrewsbury	1
97	commanders	decided	to take it	1
98	road to London	lay	open	1
99	Royalist generals	wanted	to fight Essex	1
100	intention	was	not to avoid a battle	1
101	it	was considered	more counsellable to march towards London, it being morally sure that Essex would put himself in their way	1
102	army	left	gaining two days' start on the enemy	5
103	army	moved	south-east via Bridgnorth, Birmingham, and Kenilworth	5
104	army	left	Shrewsbury on 12 October	5
105	Parliament	alarmed	for its own safety	1
106	Parliament	sent	bring him to battle	1
107	Parliament	sent	to find the King	1
108	Parliament	sent	repeated orders to Essex	1
109	Charles	seeking	foreign aid	1
110	Essex	straining	nerve to regain touch with the enemy	1
111	he	was	only seven miles	1
112	he	was	eleven kilometres	1
113	he	was	King's headquarters at Edgecote, on 22 October	1
114	Essex	reached	Kineton	1
115	second army under Warwick	was formed	round the nucleus of the London trained bands	5
116	Rupert	urged	battle on the King	1
117	Rupert	reported	enemy's presence	1
118	Rupert	reported	opinion of the Earl of Lindsey, the nominal Royalist Commander-in-Chief	1
119	rapidity	helped	to neutralise Essex's superior numbers	1
120	Both sides	dispersed	in order to forage for supplies	1
121	Royalists	formed	facing towards Kineton	1
122	Royalists	formed	in battle order on the brow of Edge Hill	1
123	his regiments	were	still some miles distant	1
124	Parliamentarian commander Essex	found	Charles in a strong position with an equal force to his own 14,000	1
125	Royalists	came down	to the foot of the hill	1
126	Royalists	left	strong position	1
127	Essex	had	to fight, or risk the starvation of his army in the midst of hostile garrisons	5
128	neither side	could claim	outright victory	1
129	prospect of ending the war at a blow	disappeared	from view	1
130	Battle of Edgehill	was	to be the first of a series of pitched battles	1
131	Charles	reap	results	1
132	Charles	claim	victory	1
133	October Charles	was marching down	Thames valley on London	1
134	Royalists	reoccupied	Banbury and Oxford	1
135	peace party	formed	itself in London and Westminster	1
136	Rupert	sacked	it on 12 November	1
137	Rupert	stormed	Brentford	1
138	trained bands	took up	position at Turnham Green, barring the King's advance	1
139	field fortifications	sprang up	around London	1
140	Essex	turn	both flanks of the Royal army via Acton and Kingston	6
141	London men	hold	ground	1
142	Parliamentary soldiers	executed	during the Battle of Worcester	1
143	time	were certainly not	vis	1
144	Hampden's advice	was	undoubtedly premature because the manoeuvers that Parliamentary soldiers executed during the Battle of Worcester was not within the power of the Parliamentarians of 1642, and in Napoleon's words: "one only manoeuvres around a fixed point", and the city levies at that time were certainly not, vis-à-vis Rupert's cavalry, a fixed point	1
145	King	retire	to Reading	1
146	King	attempted	assault on London	1
147	field fortifications	thrown up	during the summer of 1642	1
148	field fortifications	were supplemented	with the Lines of Communication	1
149	Essex's army	lay	inactive at Windsor	5
150	Charles by degrees	consolidated	his position in the region of Oxford	1
151	redoubt for the whole area, and Reading, Wallingford, Abingdon, Brill, Banbury and Marlborough	constituted	complete defensive ring by creating smaller posts from time to time	1
152	It	is	summer in Yorkshire, summer in Devon, and cold winter at Windsor	1
153	Newcastle	crossed	River Tees	1
154	He	joined	establishing himself between that city and Pontefract	1
155	He	joined	hands with the hard-pressed Royalists at York	1
156	Lord Fairfax of Cameron and his son Sir Thomas Fairfax	commanded	for the Parliament in Yorkshire	1
157	Lord Fairfax of Cameron and his son Sir Thomas Fairfax	had	to retire to the district between Hull and Selby	1
158	Newcastle	turn	his attention to the Puritan "clothing towns" of the West Riding, Leeds, Halifax and Bradford	1
159	townsmen	showed	determined front	1
160	Sir Thomas Fairfax with a picked body of cavalry	rode	to help them	1
161	about the end of January 1643, Newcastle	gave up	attempt to reduce the towns	1
162	Sir Thomas Fairfax with a picked body of cavalry	rode	through Newcastle's lines into the West Riding	1
163	Newcastle	neutralise	local forces of Parliament	1
164	Newcastle	were	strong enough	1
165	Newcastle	continued	his march southward, however, and gained ground for the King as far as Newark-on-Trent, so as to be in touch with the Royalists of Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and Leicestershire	1
166	Hopton and his friends	having obtained	true bill from the grand jury against the Parliamentary disturbers of the peace	1
167	Hopton and his friends	placed	themselves at the head of the county militia	1
168	they	invaded	Devonshire in November 1642	1
169	they	raised	small force for general service	1
170	They	drove	rebels from Cornwall	1
171	Parliamentary army under the Earl of Stamford	was withdrawn	from South Wales to engage Hopton, who had to retire into Cornwall	5
172	Royalist general	employ	militia again	1
173	he	won	victory over a part of Stamford's forces at the Battle of Bradock Down near Liskeard on 19 January 1643	1
174	Hertford	opposed	by Stamford	1
175	Hertford	brought	over the South Wales Royalists to Oxford	1
176	fortified area around that place	was widened	by the capture of Cirencester on 2 February	1
177	Gloucester and Bristol	were	now the only important garrisons of the Roundheads in the west	1
178	Parliamentary victory	won	by Sir William Brereton at the Battle of Nantwich on 28 January	1
179	Royalists of Shropshire, Staffordshire, and Leicestershire	joined	hands with their friends at Newark	1
180	Royalists of Shropshire, Staffordshire, and Leicestershire	extended	influence through Ashby-de-la-Zouch into Nottinghamshire	1
181	Newcastle's army	was added	to the list of their enemies	5
182	all the efforts of Sir John Brereton and of Sir John Gell, 1st Baronet, the leading supporter of Parliament in Derbyshire	were required	to hold their own	1
183	new Royalist army	was being formed	under the Lord Byron	6
184	He	was	however, soon recalled to Oxford to take part in the main campaign	1
185	position of affairs for Parliament	was	perhaps at its worst in January	1
186	Royalist successes of November and December, the ever-present dread of foreign intervention, and the burden of new taxation-which Parliament	felt	compelled to impose-disheartened its supporters	1
187	more determined of the rebels	began	to think of calling in the military assistance of the Scots	1
188	majority	were	for peace on any conditions	1
189	Disorder	broke out	in London	1
190	Earl of Stamford in the west and Brereton and Gell in the Midlands, though hard pressed	were	at any rate in arms and undefeated	1
191	Newcastle	had failed	to conquer West Riding	1
192	Sir William Waller	had cleared	Hampshire and Wiltshire of "malignants"	1
193	Sir William Waller	destroyed	small Royalist force at Highnam on 24 March	2
194	Sir William Waller	secured	Bristol and Gloucester for Parliament	1
195	Sir William Waller	entered	Gloucestershire early in March	1
196	waverers	rallied	again to the party of resistance	1
197	Oxford	closed	in April	1
198	series of negotiations	called	by the name of the " Treaty of Oxford" closed in April, with no more result than those that preceded Edgehill and Turnham Green	1
199	formation of the celebrated "associations" or groups of counties	banded	together by mutual consent for defence	1
200	Parliament	ordered	formation of the celebrated "associations" or groups of counties	1
201	danger of attack from the north	induce	great energy in the preparations	1
202	danger of attack from the north	was	for meeting it, and at the same time, too distant effectively to interfere with these preparations	1
203	most powerful and best organised of these	was	that of the eastern counties	1
204	first	guided	inspired by Colonel Cromwell	1
205	King's plan of operations for the next campaign	was	more elaborate than the simple "point" of 1642	1
206	King's army	based	on the fortified area around Oxford	5
207	King's army	was counted	sufficient to use up Essex's forces	6
208	Royalist armies	were	to fight their way inwards towards London	2
209	all three armies	starve	rebellion into surrender	1
210	all three armies	cut off	Essex's supplies and its sea-borne revenue	2
211	all three armies	converge	in London in due season	1
212	enemy	defeat	armies in detail, i.e.	1
213	he	should be fixed	Thames valley	1
214	he	held	in the Thames valley	1
215	King's plan	came	to grief	1
216	It	was	on the rock of local feeling	1
217	Newcastle	had	to allow	1
218	Royalists of the East Riding of Yorkshire	refused	to ignore	1
219	port of Hull	constituted	menace	1
220	Hopton's advance too	undertaken	without the Cornish levies	1
221	Hopton's advance too	was checked	in the Battle of Sourton Down	1
222	Hopton's advance too	was checked	April	1
223	Waller	captured	Hereford	1
224	Windsor	undertake	siege of Reading	1
225	Oxford	surrendered	to him on 26 April	1
226	opening operations	were	unfavourable, not	1
227	affairs	improved	in May	1
228	Queen's long-expected convoy	arrived	at Woodstock on 13 May 1643	1
229	Stamford's army	entered	Cornwall	5
230	Stamford's army	was attacked	in its selected position at Stratton, and practically annihilated by Hopton on 16 May	5
231	This brilliant victory	was	due, above all, to Sir Bevil Grenville and the lithe Cornishmen	1
232	they	were	2,400 against 5,400, and destitute of artillery	1
233	they	stormed	Stamford Hill	1
234	Devon	was	at once overrun by the victors	1
235	Essex's army, for want of material resources	had had	to be content with the capture of Reading	5
236	Royalist force under Hertford and Prince Maurice von Simmern	moved out	to hold out a hand to their friends in Devonshire	1
237	Royalist force under Hertford and Prince Maurice von Simmern	moved out	as far as Salisbury	1
238	Waller	left	in the field in the west	1
239	Waller	had	to abandon his conquests in the Severn valley	1
240	Waller	had	to oppose the further progress of his intimate friend and present enemy, Hopton	1
241	Early in June, Hertford and Hopton	moved	cavalry skirmishing, towards Bath, where Waller's army lay	5
242	Early in June, Hertford and Hopton	united	at Chard	1
243	they	moved	round via Frome to the Avon	1
244	Waller, thus cut off from London and threatened with investment	acted	with great skill	1
245	Hertford and Hopton	found	facing Waller's entrenched position on the top of Lansdown Hill	1
246	Hertford and Hopton	found	themselves on the north side of Bath	1
247	This position	stormed	on 5 July	1
248	Royalists	stormed	on 5 July	1
249	this time	was	of different quality and far differently led	1
250	enemy	was	of different quality and far differently led	1
251	battle of Lansdown	was	second Stratton for the Cornishmen	1
252	they	had	to mourn the loss of Sir Bevil Grenville and the greater part of their whole force	1
253	both sides	was not	yet expended	1
254	both sides	stood	on the flat summit of the hill, still firing into one another with such energy	1
255	Waller	drew off	his men into Bath	1
256	Next day	was	severely injured by the explosion of a wagon containing the reserve ammunition	1
257	Hopton	was	severely injured by the explosion of a wagon containing the reserve ammunition	1
258	Devizes	followed	by the enemy	1
259	Royalists	moved	eastward to Devizes	1
260	Sir William Waller	captured	Royalist ammunition column from Oxford	2
261	Sir William Waller	took	post on Roundway Down, overlooking Devizes	1
262	he	invested	Hopton's foot in Devizes	1
263	Royalist cavalry	rode away	towards Salisbury	1
264	siege of Devizes	was pressed	with such vigour that an assault was fixed for the evening of 13 July	1
265	Hopton	directing	defence from his bed	1
266	Prince Maurice's horsemen	appeared	having ridden to Oxford	1
267	Prince Maurice's horsemen	picked up	reinforcements there	1
268	Prince Maurice's horsemen	returned	to save their comrades	1
269	Prince Maurice's horsemen	returned	at full speed	1
270	Prince Maurice's horsemen	appeared	on Roundway Down	1
271	ground	was	all in Maurice's favour	1
272	combined attack of the Oxford force from Roundway and of Hopton's men from the town	annihilated	Waller's army	6
273	Rupert	came up	with fresh Royalist forces	1
274	Bristol	was	objective	1
275	it	was	in their hands	1
276	Waller, with the beaten remnant of his army at Bath	was	powerless	5
277	effect of this blow	was felt	even in Dorset	1
278	Maurice, with a body of fast-moving cavalry	overran	that county almost unopposed	1
279	Newcastle	had resumed	operations against the clothing towns, this time with success	1
280	they	had been	able to bring across Newcastle's lines	1
281	Fairfaxes	had been fighting	in the West Riding since January 1643, with such troops from the Hull region	1
282	They	were	too weak for Newcastle's increasing forces	1
283	attempt	was made	to relieve them by bringing up the Parliament's forces in Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire, Lincolnshire and the Eastern Association	1
284	local interests	prevailed	again, in spite of Cromwell's presence	1
285	Midland rebels	dispersed	After assembling at Nottingham	1
286	Midland rebels	dispersed	to their several counties on 2 June	1
287	itself	escaped	capture by the Queen's forces through the treachery of Sir John Hotham, the governor, and his son, the commander of the Lincolnshire Parliamentarians	1
288	both father and son	were seized	by the citizens	1
289	he	escaped	to Hull	1
290	The latter	had been placed	under arrest at the instance of Cromwell and of Colonel John Hutchinson, the governor of Nottingham Castle	1
291	Fairfaxes	underwent	decisive defeat at Adwalton Battle	1
292	Fairfaxes	underwent	30 June	1
293	safety of Hull	was	of no avail for the West Riding towns	1
294	they	reorganised	defence of that place	1
295	they	escaped	to Hull	1
296	she	joined	her husband on the 14 July	1
297	Queen herself, with a second convoy and a small army under Lord Henry Jermyn	moved	via Newark, Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Lichfield and other Royalist garrisons to Oxford	7
298	Newcastle (now the Marquess of Newcastle)	was not	yet ready for his part in the program	1
299	enemy	was	master of Hull	1
300	Yorkshire troops	would not march	on London	1
301	peace riots in London	quarrels	amongst the generals	1
302	peace riots in London	dissensions	in the Houses	1
303	Roundway Down and Adwalton Moor	were not	,	1
304	new factor	had arisen	in the war - the Eastern Association	1
305	Eastern Association	intervened	to help in the siege of Reading	1
306	Eastern Association	had sent	troops to the abortive gathering at Nottingham, besides clearing its own ground of "malignants	1
307	Cromwell	was	dominant influence	1
308	You	go	as far as gentlemen will go	1
309	You	must get	men of a spirit that is likely	1
310	old	decayed	to encounter gentlemen that have honour and courage and resolution in them	1
311	old	decayed	serving-men, tapsters and such kind of fellows	1
312	he	had told	Hampden	1
313	he	had gone	to "raise such men as had the fear of God before them, and made some conscience of what they did"	1
314	he	had gone	to his own county	1
315	men	submit	to a rigorous training	1
316	iron discipline such as other troops	fighting	for honour only or for profit only	1
317	iron discipline such as other troops	could not be brought	to endure	1
318	men	were	willing, for the cause	1
319	result	was	soon apparent	1
320	Cromwell's regiment of horse	recruited	from the horse-loving yeomen of the eastern counties	1
321	Cromwell's regiment of horse	demonstrated	superiority in the field, in a skirmish near Grantham	1
322	irregular	fighting	in Lincolnshire, during June and July	1
323	irregular	fighting	as previously in pacifying the Eastern Association itself	1
324	Puritan troopers	distinguished	themselves by long and rapid marches that may bear comparison with almost any in the history of the mounted arm	1
325	Cromwell's second opportunity	came	at Gainsborough on 28 July	1
326	Lincolneer" horse	were	under his orders	1
327	Lincolneer" horse	were fired	by the example of Cromwell's own regiment	1
328	Cromwell	routed	Royalist horse	1
329	army of Essex	had been	inactive	5
330	John Hampden	wounded	at Chalgrove Field near Chiselhampton	1
331	he	found	his men	1
332	When at last Essex, having obtained the desired reinforcements, moved against Oxford from the Aylesbury side	demoralised	by inaction	1
333	Essex	withdrew	to Bedfordshire in July	1
334	Queen's convoys	permitting	Oxford army	5
335	he	should have held	to intervene effectually in the Midlands, the west, and the south-west	1
336	He	made	no attempt to intercept the march of the Queen's convoys	1
337	Essex	held	Reading and the Chilterns	1
338	Waller	complain	that Essex, who still held Reading and the Chilterns, had given him neither active nor passive support in the critical days, preceding Roundway Down	1
339	he	was	to have an opportunity of proving his skill and devotion in a great campaign and a great battle	1
340	centre and the right of the three Royalist armies	united	to crush Waller	2
341	centre and the right of the three Royalist armies	had	for a moment	2
342	Hull	was	to Newcastle	1
343	Plymouth	was	to Hopton's men	1
344	They	would not march	on London	1
345	Charles	was	too weak	1
346	main Royalist army	was	to operate in the centre, Hopton's	6
347	main Royalist army	was	right, Newcastle on the left towards London	6
348	Charles	decided	to make the best use of his time by reducing Gloucester, the one great fortress of Parliament in the west	1
349	Waller	was given	new army wherewith again to engage Hopton and Maurice	6
350	Earl of Manchester (with Cromwell as his lieutenant-general)	was appointed	to head the forces of the Eastern Association against Newcastle	1
351	task of saving Gloucester from the King's army	fell	to Essex	6
352	Essex	was	heavily reinforced and drew his army together for action in the last days of August	6
353	man	was thought	to be the supreme trial of strength	1
354	London	sent	closing the shops	1
355	London	sent	six regiments of trained bands to the front	1
356	army	moved	resolutely, not deterred by want of food and rest, or by the attacks of Rupert's and Wilmot's horse on its flank	5
357	Gloucester	was	at the end of its resources	1
358	September	was	suddenly raised	1
359	siege of Gloucester	was	suddenly raised	1
360	Essex	had reached	Cheltenham	1
361	field armies	face	to face, and free to move	2
362	danger	was	field armies	2
363	Royalists	drew off	to Painswick	1
364	Parliamentary army	gained	long start on its homeward road via Cricklade, Hungerford and Reading	5
365	Royalist cavalry under Rupert	followed	rapidly by Charles and the main body from Evesham	2
366	Royalist cavalry under Rupert	strained	nerve to head off Essex at Newbury	2
367	whole Royal army	was drawn up	facing west, with its right on Newbury, and its left on Enborne Heath	5
368	they	would have	to break through by force	1
369	Essex's men	knew	that evening	1
370	ground	was	densely intersected by hedges, except in front of the Royalists' left centre	1
371	it	came up	own road or lane	1
372	Essex's army	was never formed	in line of battle	5
373	attack	had	best of it, capturing field after field, and thus gradually gaining ground to the front	1
374	lanes and hedges	held	by his foot	1
375	it	charged up	to the lanes and hedges	1
376	itself	did not succeed	in deploying on to the open ground on Newbury Wash, but victoriously repelled the royal horse	1
377	two of the London regiments, fresh to war as they were	were exposed	to a trial as severe as that which broke down the veteran Spanish infantry at Rocroi in this same year	1
378	Rupert and the Royalist horse	charged up	to the squares of pikes	1
379	his guns	tried	to disorder the Londoners	1
380	it	was not	until the advance of the royal infantry that the trained bands retired, slowly and in magnificent order, to the edge of the heath	1
381	Essex's army	failed	to break the opposing line	5
382	result	was	that Essex's army had fought its hardest	1
383	valour	displayed	by the Parliamentarians	1
384	they	withdraw	into Newbury	1
385	they	give up	disputed road	1
386	Essex thereupon	pursued	his march	1
387	Reading	was reached	on 22 September 1643 after a small rearguard skirmish at Aldermaston, and so ended the First Battle of Newbury, one of the most dramatic episodes of English history	1
388	foot	besieging	Lynn	1
389	horse	rode	to give a hand to the Fairfaxes	1
390	horse	rode	into the northern part of the county	1
391	Eastern Association forces under Manchester	moved up	into Lincolnshire, the foot	1
392	Eastern Association forces under Manchester	moved up	surrendered on 16 September, 1643	1
393	sea communications of Hull	were	open	1
394	whole	joining	Cromwell near Spilsby	1
395	rest under Sir Thomas Fairfax	went	by sea to Saltfleet a few days later	1
396	part of the cavalry in Hull	was ferried over	to Barton	1
397	old Lord Fairfax	remained	in Hull	1
398	old Lord Fairfax	received	infantry reinforcements and a quantity of ammunition and stores from the Eastern Association	1
399	Cromwell and Fairfax	won	driving the Royalist horse in confusion before them to Newark	2
400	Cromwell and Fairfax	won	brilliant cavalry action at the Battle of Winceby	1
401	Newcastle's army around Hull	had suffered	terribly from the hardships of continuous siege work	5
402	Newcastle's army around Hull	was attacked	by the garrison	5
403	They	were	so severely handled that the siege was given up the next day	1
404	Manchester	retook	Lincoln and Gainsborough	1
405	he	was compelled	to undertake the siege of Hull	1
406	Lincolnshire	had been	almost entirely in Newcastle's hands	1
407	Lincolnshire	was added	fact as well as in name, to the Eastern Association	1
408	Royalists	reoccupied	it on 3 October	1
409	Londoners	offered	to serve again	1
410	Rupert	was attempting	to fortify, as a menace to the Eastern Association and its communications with London	1
411	They	took	part in a minor campaign around Newport Pagnell	1
412	Essex	was	successful in preventing this	1
413	Sir William Waller's new army in Hampshire	failed	deserting en bloc	5
414	Sir William Waller's new army in Hampshire	failed	lamentably in an attempt on Basing House on 7 November, the London-trained bands	6
415	Arundel	surrendered	to a force under Sir Ralph, now Lord Hopton	1
416	months	were	turning-point of the war	1
417	King's lieutenant, by order of his master	made	truce with the Irish rebels on 15 September 1643	1
418	Charles's chief object	was	to set free his army to fight in England	5
419	it	was	universally believed that Irish regiments in plain words, papists in arms, would shortly follow	1
420	his act united against him nearly every class in Protestant England, and brought into the English	quarrel	armed strength of Presbyterian Scotland	1
421	Charles	keep	Scotland in check	1
422	Charles	trusting	to intrigue and diplomacy	1
423	Charles	rejected	advice of Earl of Montrose, his greatest and most faithful Sottish lieutenant, who wished to give the Scots employment for their army at home	5
424	Parliament at Westminster	swore	to the Solemn League and Covenant	1
425	even a semblance of Presbyterian theocracy	raised	question of freedom of conscience	1
426	It	is	true that even a semblance of Presbyterian theocracy put the "Independents" on their guard	1
427	Secret negotiations	were opened	between the Independents and Charles on that basis	1
428	King	using	to bring about the betrayal of Aylesbury and other small rebel posts	1
429	All parties	found	it convenient to interpret the Covenant liberally for the present	1
430	Parliamentary party	showed	so united a front that even Pym's death, on 8 December 1643, hardly affected its resolution to continue the struggle	1
431	troops from Ireland	obtained	at the cost of an enormous political blunder	1
432	troops from Ireland	proved	to be untrustworthy after all	1
433	Waller's Londoners	routed	Royalist detachment at Alton on the 13 December 1643	1
434	half the prisoners	took	Covenant	1
435	Hopton	had	to retire from the area around Arundel, and on 6 January 1644	1
436	Waller	recaptured	town	1
437	Byron's Cheshire army	was	in no better case	5
438	Newcastle's retreat from Hull and the loss of Gainsborough	changed	situation in the Midlands	1
439	Royalists	were	severely defeated for a second time at Nantwich on 25 January	1
440	Brereton	was joined	by the younger Fairfax from Lincolnshire	1
441	majority of the prisoners	entered	Parliamentary army	5
442	majority of the prisoners	took	Covenant	1
443	cause of Parliament	was	in the ascendant	1
444	Lord Fairfax	was	again in the field in the East Riding of Yorkshire	1
445	Newark	besieged	by Sir John Meldrum	1
446	Resistance	revived	in the West Riding towns	1
447	Newcastle	be attacked	in front and rear at once	1
448	advanced guard of the Scottish army	had passed	Tweed on 19 January	5
449	Rupert	was	to retrieve the fortunes of his side	1
450	he	went	to give a hand to Byron, and then, with the utmost speed	1
451	he	went	first to Cheshire	1
452	he	made	for Newark	1
453	he	relieved	Newark but routed the besiegers' cavalry	1
454	Meldrum's position	was	so hopeless that he capitulated on terms	1
455	prince	do	more than raid a few Parliamentary posts around Lincoln	1
456	prince	was	unable	1
457	he	had	to return his borrowed forces to their various garrisons	1
458	he	go	to raise a permanent field army	5
459	he	go	back to Walesladen, indeed with captured pikes and muskets	1
460	Rupert	could not be	in all places at once	1
461	Newcastle	was	clamorous for aid	1
462	only the countess of Derby, in Lathom House	held out	for the King	1
463	Rupert	go	to her relief	1
464	prince	was ordered back	to Oxford to furnish a travelling escort for the queen, who shortly after this, gave birth to her youngest child and returned to France	1
465	Charles	had	good reason for avoiding detachments from his own army	5
466	order	was countermanded	within a few hours	1
467	Hopton	had undergone	severe defeat at Cheriton, near New Alresford	1
468	advantage	lay	with the Royalists	1
469	Royalist	indiscipline	ruined everything	1
470	young cavalry colonel	charged	in defiance of orders	1
471	Waller	snatched out	of defeat	1
472	Charles	promised	him a marquessate	1
473	Charles	assented	to Montrose's plan	1
474	first attempt to raise the Royalist standard in Scotland	gave	no omen of its later triumphs	1
475	Sir Thomas Fairfax	advancing	from Lancashire through the West Riding	1
476	Sir Thomas Fairfax	joined	his father	1
477	Selby	was stormed	on 11 April	1
478	He	shut up	with his foot in York	1
479	Scottish general	prepared	to invest that city	1
480	Scottish general	joined	Fairfaxes	1
481	original plan of the Parliamentary " Committee of Both Kingdoms	directed	military and civil policy of the allies after the fashion of a modern cabinet	1
482	original plan of the Parliamentary " Committee of Both Kingdoms	was	to combine Essex's and Manchester's armies in an attack upon the King's army	7
483	Aylesbury	was appointed	as the place of concentration	1
484	Waller's troops	reconquer	west, Fairfax and the Scots	1
485	Waller's troops	invest	Newcastle's army	6
486	Waller's troops	drive back	Hopton	1
487	Waller's troops	were	to continue	1
488	Brereton and the Lincolnshire rebels	could be counted	upon to neutralise the one Byron, and the others, the Newark Royalists	1
489	Waller	deserted	by his trained bands	1
490	Waller	profit	by his victory of Cheriton	1
491	Waller	retired	to Farnham	1
492	Waller	was	unable	1
493	Eastern Association	suffering	from the effects of Rupert's Newark exploit	1
494	Lincoln	abandoned	by the rebels on that occasion	1
495	Lincoln	was not reoccupied	till 6 May	1
496	Essex	found	himself compelled to defend his conduct and motives to the "Committee of Both Kingdoms", and as usual	1
497	Essex	was straitened	for men and money	1
498	Royalists	considered	to be hopeless	1
499	Royalists	considered	own position	1
500	Prince Maurice	was engaged	in the fruitless siege of Lyme Regis	1

1

three wars

known

as the English Civil War (or "Wars"

1

2

First English Civil War

commenced

series of three wars

1

3

English Civil War

was

series of armed conflicts and political machinations that took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1651, and includes the Second English Civil War

1

4

English Civil War

refer

collectively to the civil wars in England and the Scottish Civil War

1

5

this resistance

is not

usually included as part of the English Civil War

1

6

English Civil War

can be divided

into three: the First English Civil War

1

7

accounts

summarize

two sides that fought the English Civil Wars as the Royalist Cavaliers of Charles I of England versus the Parliamentarian Roundheads of Oliver Cromwell

2

8

both sides

changed

significantly during the conflicts

1

9

loyalties

shifted

for various reasons

1

10

Irish Confederate Wars

continued

in Ireland

1

11

Irish Confederate Wars

continued

starting with the Irish Rebellion of 1641, and ending with the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland

1

12

wars

were

distinct countries in political organisation

1

13

wars

formed

part of, a linked series of conflicts and civil wars between 1639 and 1652 in the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, which at that time shared a monarch

1

14

wars

were

inextricably mixed with

1

15

incidents

had

little or no direct connection with those of the English Civil War

1

16

linked conflicts

are

also known as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms by some recent historians, aiming to have a unified overview, rather than treating parts of the other conflicts as a background to the English Civil War

1

17

first and last of these motives

animated

foot-soldiery of the Royal armies

1

18

enemy

were

rebels and fanatics

1

19

soldiers of fortune from the German wars

felt

all the regulars' contempt for citizen militia

1

20

rebels

were

addition, bourgeois

1

21

other side

felt

them as religious

1

22

other side

saw

causes of the quarrel primarily and apparently as political, but ultimately

1

23

elements of resistance in Parliament and the nation

were

at first confused, and, later, strong and direct

1

24

most moderate men of either party

were

to admit compromise

1

25

most moderate men of either party

were

sufficiently in sympathy

1

26

Democracy, moderate republicanism, and the simple desire for constitutional guarantees

could

hardly make head of themselves against the various forces of royalism

1

27

this waging war at first with the rest on the political issue, soon

brought

religious issue to the front

1

28

backbone of resistance

was

Puritan element

1

29

no man on either side

save

Charles himself supported

1

30

Presbyterian system, even more rigid than that of the Archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud, and the other bishops

seemed destined

for replacement by the Independents and by their ideal of free conscience

1

31

men capable of the effort

imposed

ideals on the rest by the force of their trained wills

1

32

men capable of the effort

came

to the front

1

33

Material force

favored

Parliamentary party

1

34

They

controlled

navy, the nucleus of an army that was being organised for the Irish war, and nearly all the financial resources of the country

5

35

trained bands

drilled

once a month

1

36

trained bands

provided

cadres for new regiments

1

37

They

had

sympathies of most of the large towns

1

38

they

gained

start in war preparations, which they never lost

1

39

Earl of Warwick, the Earl of Essex, the Earl of Manchester, and other nobles and gentry of their party

possessed

great wealth and territorial influence

1

40

he

raise

men without authority from Parliament

1

41

he

could

by means of impressment and the Lords-Lieutenant

1

42

He

was

therefore dependent on the financial support of his chief adherents, such as the Earl of Newcastle and the Earl of Derby

1

43

England

was

already a law-abiding nation

1

44

Both parties

raised

men

1

45

Royalist leader

had

posse comitatus

1

46

Royalist leader

indicted

enemy before the grand jury of the county as disturbers of the peace

1

47

local forces

could

by producing valid written authority, induce

1

48

local forces

were

everywhere employed

1

49

This thread of local feeling and respect for the laws

runs

through the earlier operations of both sides, almost irrespective of the main principles at stake

1

50

promising scheme

failed

to serve beyond the limits of their own county

1

51

offensive

lay

with the King

1

52

his cause

suffered

from this far more than that of his enemies

1

53

real spirit of the struggle

proved

very different

1

54

Anything

prolonged

struggle, or seemed like wont of energy and avoidance of a decision

1

55

Anything

was

bitterly resented by the men of both sides

1

56

They

learned

by the severe lesson of Edgehill that raw armies cannot bring wars to a speedy issue

1

57

They

had

hearts in the quarrel

1

58

This passage from the Memoirs of a Cavalier

ascribed

to Daniel Defoe

1

59

prolongation of a war

is

admirable summary of the character of the Civil War

1

60

prolongation of a war

meant

continued employment for the soldiers

1

61

original decision-compelling spirit

was seen

when pitched against regular professional continental troops the Battle of the Dunes during the Interregnum

1

62

original decision-compelling spirit

permeated

whole organisation

1

63

most of the population of England

be

advice good or bad

1

64

most of the population of England

looked

with suspicion on the professional soldiers of fortune

1

65

Nearly all those Englishmen

loved

war for its own sake

1

66

Nearly all those Englishmen

were

too closely concerned for the welfare of their country to attempt the methods of the Thirty Years' War in England

1

67

formal organisation of both armies

was based

on the Swedish model, which had become the pattern of Europe after the victories of Gustavus Adolphus

1

68

man in the ranks

was

highly finished automaton

1

69

It

gave

better scope for the morale of the individual than the old-fashioned Spanish and Dutch formations

1

70

King

raised

his standard at Nottingham on 22 August 1642

1

71

side

endeavouring

to secure, or to deny to the enemy, fortified country-houses, territory, and above all arms and money

1

72

fighting

started

on a small scale in many districts

1

73

Peace negotiations

went on

in the midst of these minor events, until there came from the Parliament an ultimatum, so aggressive as to fix the war-like purpose of the still vacillating court at Nottingham, and in the country at large, to convert many thousands of waverers to active Royalism

1

74

Charles

had had

1,500 men

1

75

though very deficient in arms and equipment

was not

greatly inferior in numbers or enthusiasm to that of Parliament

1

76

Charles

stood

at the head of an army

5

77

20,000 strong, exclusive of detachments)

was organized

during July, August, and September about London, and moved from there to Northampton under the command of Lord Essex

1

78

Marquess of Hertford in South Wales, Hopton in Cornwall, and the young Earl of Derby in Lancashire, and small parties in almost every county of the west and the Midlands

were

in arms for the King

1

79

Queen Henrietta Maria

was

busy in Holland, arranging for the importation of war material and money

1

80

North of the Tees

was raising

troops and supplies for the King

1

81

royal

cause

being strongest in York and the North Riding, that of the Parliamentary party, in the clothing towns of the West Riding

1

82

Sir John Hotham, the military governor, and the garrison

supported

Parliament

1

83

important seaport of Hull

had

royalist civilian population

1

84

ammunition

stored

in the city

1

85

Charles

had tried

to seize ammunition

1

86

Charles

had been

forcefully rebuffed

1

87

Newcastle thereupon

prepared

to invade Yorkshire

1

88

Yorkshire gentry

made

attempt to neutralise the county

1

89

whole of the south and east, as well as parts of the Midlands and the west, and the important towns of Bristol and Gloucester

stood

on the side of the Parliament

1

90

small Royalist force

was compelled

to evacuate Oxford on 10 September

2

91

King, in order to find recruits amongst his sympathisers and arms in the armouries of the Derbyshire and Staffordshire, trained bands and also to keep in touch with his disciplined regiments in Ireland by way of Chester

moved

westward to Shrewsbury

1

92

Essex

followed

suit by marching his army from Northampton to Worcester

5

93

sharp cavalry engagement

took

place on 23 September between the advanced cavalry of Essex's army, and a force under Prince Rupert, which was engaged in protecting the retirement of the Oxford detachment

7

94

result of the fight

was

immediate overthrow of the Parliamentary cavalry

1

95

he

found

Royalist officers eager to attack Essex's new position at Worcester

1

96

Rupert

withdrew

to Shrewsbury

1

97

commanders

decided

to take it

1

98

road to London

lay

open

1

99

Royalist generals

wanted

to fight Essex

1

100

intention

was

not to avoid a battle

1

101

it

was considered

more counsellable to march towards London, it being morally sure that Essex would put himself in their way

1

102

army

left

gaining two days' start on the enemy

5

103

army

moved

south-east via Bridgnorth, Birmingham, and Kenilworth

5

104

army

left

Shrewsbury on 12 October

5

105

Parliament

alarmed

for its own safety

1

106

Parliament

sent

bring him to battle

1

107

Parliament

sent

to find the King

1

108

Parliament

sent

repeated orders to Essex

1

109

Charles

seeking

foreign aid

1

110

Essex

straining

nerve to regain touch with the enemy

1

111

he

was

only seven miles

1

112

he

was

eleven kilometres

1

113

he

was

King's headquarters at Edgecote, on 22 October

1

114

Essex

reached

Kineton

1

115

second army under Warwick

was formed

round the nucleus of the London trained bands

5

116

Rupert

urged

battle on the King

1

117

Rupert

reported

enemy's presence

1

118

Rupert

reported

opinion of the Earl of Lindsey, the nominal Royalist Commander-in-Chief

1

119

rapidity

helped

to neutralise Essex's superior numbers

1

120

Both sides

dispersed

in order to forage for supplies

1

121

Royalists

formed

facing towards Kineton

1

122

Royalists

formed

in battle order on the brow of Edge Hill

1

123

his regiments

were

still some miles distant

1

124

Parliamentarian commander Essex

found

Charles in a strong position with an equal force to his own 14,000

1

125

Royalists

came down

to the foot of the hill

1

126

Royalists

left

strong position

1

127

Essex

had

to fight, or risk the starvation of his army in the midst of hostile garrisons

5

128

neither side

could claim

outright victory

1

129

prospect of ending the war at a blow

disappeared

from view

1

130

Battle of Edgehill

was

to be the first of a series of pitched battles

1

131

Charles

reap

results

1

132

Charles

claim

victory

1

133

October Charles

was marching down

Thames valley on London

1

134

Royalists

reoccupied

Banbury and Oxford

1

135

peace party

formed

itself in London and Westminster

1

136

Rupert

sacked

it on 12 November

1

137

Rupert

stormed

Brentford

1

138

trained bands

took up

position at Turnham Green, barring the King's advance

1

139

field fortifications

sprang up

around London

1

140

Essex

turn

both flanks of the Royal army via Acton and Kingston

6

141

London men

hold

ground

1

142

Parliamentary soldiers

executed

during the Battle of Worcester

1

143

time

were certainly not

vis

1

144

Hampden's advice

was

undoubtedly premature because the manoeuvers that Parliamentary soldiers executed during the Battle of Worcester was not within the power of the Parliamentarians of 1642, and in Napoleon's words: "one only manoeuvres around a fixed point", and the city levies at that time were certainly not, vis-à-vis Rupert's cavalry, a fixed point

1

145

King

retire

to Reading

1

146

King

attempted

assault on London

1

147

field fortifications

thrown up

during the summer of 1642

1

148

field fortifications

were supplemented

with the Lines of Communication

1

149

Essex's army

lay

inactive at Windsor

5

150

Charles by degrees

consolidated

his position in the region of Oxford

1

151

redoubt for the whole area, and Reading, Wallingford, Abingdon, Brill, Banbury and Marlborough

constituted

complete defensive ring by creating smaller posts from time to time

1

152

It

is

summer in Yorkshire, summer in Devon, and cold winter at Windsor

1

153

Newcastle

crossed

River Tees

1

154

He

joined

establishing himself between that city and Pontefract

1

155

He

joined

hands with the hard-pressed Royalists at York

1

156

Lord Fairfax of Cameron and his son Sir Thomas Fairfax

commanded

for the Parliament in Yorkshire

1

157

Lord Fairfax of Cameron and his son Sir Thomas Fairfax

had

to retire to the district between Hull and Selby

1

158

Newcastle

turn

his attention to the Puritan "clothing towns" of the West Riding, Leeds, Halifax and Bradford

1

159

townsmen

showed

determined front

1

160

Sir Thomas Fairfax with a picked body of cavalry

rode

to help them

1

161

about the end of January 1643, Newcastle

gave up

attempt to reduce the towns

1

162

Sir Thomas Fairfax with a picked body of cavalry

rode

through Newcastle's lines into the West Riding

1

163

Newcastle

neutralise

local forces of Parliament

1

164

Newcastle

were

strong enough

1

165

Newcastle

continued

his march southward, however, and gained ground for the King as far as Newark-on-Trent, so as to be in touch with the Royalists of Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and Leicestershire

1

166

Hopton and his friends

having obtained

true bill from the grand jury against the Parliamentary disturbers of the peace

1

167

Hopton and his friends

placed

themselves at the head of the county militia

1

168

they

invaded

Devonshire in November 1642

1

169

they

raised

small force for general service

1

170

They

drove

rebels from Cornwall

1

171

Parliamentary army under the Earl of Stamford

was withdrawn

from South Wales to engage Hopton, who had to retire into Cornwall

5

172

Royalist general

employ

militia again

1

173

he

won

victory over a part of Stamford's forces at the Battle of Bradock Down near Liskeard on 19 January 1643

1

174

Hertford

opposed

by Stamford

1

175

Hertford

brought

over the South Wales Royalists to Oxford

1

176

fortified area around that place

was widened

by the capture of Cirencester on 2 February

1

177

Gloucester and Bristol

were

now the only important garrisons of the Roundheads in the west

1

178

Parliamentary victory

won

by Sir William Brereton at the Battle of Nantwich on 28 January

1

179

Royalists of Shropshire, Staffordshire, and Leicestershire

joined

hands with their friends at Newark

1

180

Royalists of Shropshire, Staffordshire, and Leicestershire

extended

influence through Ashby-de-la-Zouch into Nottinghamshire

1

181

Newcastle's army

was added

to the list of their enemies

5

182

all the efforts of Sir John Brereton and of Sir John Gell, 1st Baronet, the leading supporter of Parliament in Derbyshire

were required

to hold their own

1

183

new Royalist army

was being formed

under the Lord Byron

6

184

He

was

however, soon recalled to Oxford to take part in the main campaign

1

185

position of affairs for Parliament

was

perhaps at its worst in January

1

186

Royalist successes of November and December, the ever-present dread of foreign intervention, and the burden of new taxation-which Parliament

felt

compelled to impose-disheartened its supporters

1

187

more determined of the rebels

began

to think of calling in the military assistance of the Scots

1

188

majority

were

for peace on any conditions

1

189

Disorder

broke out

in London

1

190

Earl of Stamford in the west and Brereton and Gell in the Midlands, though hard pressed

were

at any rate in arms and undefeated

1

191

Newcastle

had failed

to conquer West Riding

1

192

Sir William Waller

had cleared

Hampshire and Wiltshire of "malignants"

1

193

Sir William Waller

destroyed

small Royalist force at Highnam on 24 March

2

194

Sir William Waller

secured

Bristol and Gloucester for Parliament

1

195

Sir William Waller

entered

Gloucestershire early in March

1

196

waverers

rallied

again to the party of resistance

1

197

Oxford

closed

in April

1

198

series of negotiations

called

by the name of the " Treaty of Oxford" closed in April, with no more result than those that preceded Edgehill and Turnham Green

1

199

formation of the celebrated "associations" or groups of counties

banded

together by mutual consent for defence

1

200

Parliament

ordered

formation of the celebrated "associations" or groups of counties

1

201

danger of attack from the north

induce

great energy in the preparations

1

202

danger of attack from the north

was

for meeting it, and at the same time, too distant effectively to interfere with these preparations

1

203

most powerful and best organised of these

was

that of the eastern counties

1

204

first

guided

inspired by Colonel Cromwell

1

205

King's plan of operations for the next campaign

was

more elaborate than the simple "point" of 1642

1

206

King's army

based

on the fortified area around Oxford

5

207

King's army

was counted

sufficient to use up Essex's forces

6

208

Royalist armies

were

to fight their way inwards towards London

2

209

all three armies

starve

rebellion into surrender

1

210

all three armies

cut off

Essex's supplies and its sea-borne revenue

2

211

all three armies

converge

in London in due season

1

212

enemy

defeat

armies in detail, i.e.

1

213

he

should be fixed

Thames valley

1

214

he

held

in the Thames valley

1

215

King's plan

came

to grief

1

216

It

was

on the rock of local feeling

1

217

Newcastle

had

to allow

1

218

Royalists of the East Riding of Yorkshire

refused

to ignore

1

219

port of Hull

constituted

menace

1

220

Hopton's advance too

undertaken

without the Cornish levies

1

221

Hopton's advance too

was checked

in the Battle of Sourton Down

1

222

Hopton's advance too

was checked

April

1

223

Waller

captured

Hereford

1

224

Windsor

undertake

siege of Reading

1

225

Oxford

surrendered

to him on 26 April

1

226

opening operations

were

unfavourable, not

1

227

affairs

improved

in May

1

228

Queen's long-expected convoy

arrived

at Woodstock on 13 May 1643

1

229

Stamford's army

entered

Cornwall

5

230

Stamford's army

was attacked

in its selected position at Stratton, and practically annihilated by Hopton on 16 May

5

231

This brilliant victory

was

due, above all, to Sir Bevil Grenville and the lithe Cornishmen

1

232

they

were

2,400 against 5,400, and destitute of artillery

1

233

they

stormed

Stamford Hill

1

234

Devon

was

at once overrun by the victors

1

235

Essex's army, for want of material resources

had had

to be content with the capture of Reading

5

236

Royalist force under Hertford and Prince Maurice von Simmern

moved out

to hold out a hand to their friends in Devonshire

1

237

Royalist force under Hertford and Prince Maurice von Simmern

moved out

as far as Salisbury

1

238

Waller

left

in the field in the west

1

239

Waller

had

to abandon his conquests in the Severn valley

1

240

Waller

had

to oppose the further progress of his intimate friend and present enemy, Hopton

1

241

Early in June, Hertford and Hopton

moved

cavalry skirmishing, towards Bath, where Waller's army lay

5

242

Early in June, Hertford and Hopton

united

at Chard

1

243

they

moved

round via Frome to the Avon

1

244

Waller, thus cut off from London and threatened with investment

acted

with great skill

1

245

Hertford and Hopton

found

facing Waller's entrenched position on the top of Lansdown Hill

1

246

Hertford and Hopton

found

themselves on the north side of Bath

1

247

This position

stormed

on 5 July

1

248

Royalists

stormed

on 5 July

1

249

this time

was

of different quality and far differently led

1

250

enemy

was

of different quality and far differently led

1

251

battle of Lansdown

was

second Stratton for the Cornishmen

1

252

they

had

to mourn the loss of Sir Bevil Grenville and the greater part of their whole force

1

253

both sides

was not

yet expended

1

254

both sides

stood

on the flat summit of the hill, still firing into one another with such energy

1

255

Waller

drew off

his men into Bath

1

256

Next day

was

severely injured by the explosion of a wagon containing the reserve ammunition

1

257

Hopton

was

severely injured by the explosion of a wagon containing the reserve ammunition

1

258

Devizes

followed

by the enemy

1

259

Royalists

moved

eastward to Devizes

1

260

Sir William Waller

captured

Royalist ammunition column from Oxford

2

261

Sir William Waller

took

post on Roundway Down, overlooking Devizes

1

262

he

invested

Hopton's foot in Devizes

1

263

Royalist cavalry

rode away

towards Salisbury

1

264

siege of Devizes

was pressed

with such vigour that an assault was fixed for the evening of 13 July

1

265

Hopton

directing

defence from his bed

1

266

Prince Maurice's horsemen

appeared

having ridden to Oxford

1

267

Prince Maurice's horsemen

picked up

reinforcements there

1

268

Prince Maurice's horsemen

returned

to save their comrades

1

269

Prince Maurice's horsemen

returned

at full speed

1

270

Prince Maurice's horsemen

appeared

on Roundway Down

1

271

ground

was

all in Maurice's favour

1

272

combined attack of the Oxford force from Roundway and of Hopton's men from the town

annihilated

Waller's army

6

273

Rupert

came up

with fresh Royalist forces

1

274

Bristol

was

objective

1

275

it

was

in their hands

1

276

Waller, with the beaten remnant of his army at Bath

was

powerless

5

277

effect of this blow

was felt

even in Dorset

1

278

Maurice, with a body of fast-moving cavalry

overran

that county almost unopposed

1

279

Newcastle

had resumed

operations against the clothing towns, this time with success

1

280

they

had been

able to bring across Newcastle's lines

1

281

Fairfaxes

had been fighting

in the West Riding since January 1643, with such troops from the Hull region

1

282

They

were

too weak for Newcastle's increasing forces

1

283

attempt

was made

to relieve them by bringing up the Parliament's forces in Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire, Lincolnshire and the Eastern Association

1

284

local interests

prevailed

again, in spite of Cromwell's presence

1

285

Midland rebels

dispersed

After assembling at Nottingham

1

286

Midland rebels

dispersed

to their several counties on 2 June

1

287

itself

escaped

capture by the Queen's forces through the treachery of Sir John Hotham, the governor, and his son, the commander of the Lincolnshire Parliamentarians

1

288

both father and son

were seized

by the citizens

1

289

he

escaped

to Hull

1

290

The latter

had been placed

under arrest at the instance of Cromwell and of Colonel John Hutchinson, the governor of Nottingham Castle

1

291

Fairfaxes

underwent

decisive defeat at Adwalton Battle

1

292

Fairfaxes

underwent

30 June

1

293

safety of Hull

was

of no avail for the West Riding towns

1

294

they

reorganised

defence of that place

1

295

they

escaped

to Hull

1

296

she

joined

her husband on the 14 July

1

297

Queen herself, with a second convoy and a small army under Lord Henry Jermyn

moved

via Newark, Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Lichfield and other Royalist garrisons to Oxford

7

298

Newcastle (now the Marquess of Newcastle)

was not

yet ready for his part in the program

1

299

enemy

was

master of Hull

1

300

Yorkshire troops

would not march

on London

1

301

peace riots in London

quarrels

amongst the generals

1

302

peace riots in London

dissensions

in the Houses

1

303

Roundway Down and Adwalton Moor

were not

,

1

304

new factor

had arisen

in the war - the Eastern Association

1

305

Eastern Association

intervened

to help in the siege of Reading

1

306

Eastern Association

had sent

troops to the abortive gathering at Nottingham, besides clearing its own ground of "malignants

1

307

Cromwell

was

dominant influence

1

308

You

go

as far as gentlemen will go

1

309

You

must get

men of a spirit that is likely

1

310

old

decayed

to encounter gentlemen that have honour and courage and resolution in them

1

311

old

decayed

serving-men, tapsters and such kind of fellows

1

312

he

had told

Hampden

1

313

he

had gone

to "raise such men as had the fear of God before them, and made some conscience of what they did"

1

314

he

had gone

to his own county

1

315

men

submit

to a rigorous training

1

316

iron discipline such as other troops

fighting

for honour only or for profit only

1

317

iron discipline such as other troops

could not be brought

to endure

1

318

men

were

willing, for the cause

1

319

result

was

soon apparent

1

320

Cromwell's regiment of horse

recruited

from the horse-loving yeomen of the eastern counties

1

321

Cromwell's regiment of horse

demonstrated

superiority in the field, in a skirmish near Grantham

1

322

irregular

fighting

in Lincolnshire, during June and July

1

323

irregular

fighting

as previously in pacifying the Eastern Association itself

1

324

Puritan troopers

distinguished

themselves by long and rapid marches that may bear comparison with almost any in the history of the mounted arm

1

325

Cromwell's second opportunity

came

at Gainsborough on 28 July

1

326

Lincolneer" horse

were

under his orders

1

327

Lincolneer" horse

were fired

by the example of Cromwell's own regiment

1

328

Cromwell

routed

Royalist horse

1

329

army of Essex

had been

inactive

5

330

John Hampden

wounded

at Chalgrove Field near Chiselhampton

1

331

he

found

his men

1

332

When at last Essex, having obtained the desired reinforcements, moved against Oxford from the Aylesbury side

demoralised

by inaction

1

333

Essex

withdrew

to Bedfordshire in July

1

334

Queen's convoys

permitting

Oxford army

5

335

he

should have held

to intervene effectually in the Midlands, the west, and the south-west

1

336

He

made

no attempt to intercept the march of the Queen's convoys

1

337

Essex

held

Reading and the Chilterns

1

338

Waller

complain

that Essex, who still held Reading and the Chilterns, had given him neither active nor passive support in the critical days, preceding Roundway Down

1

339

he

was

to have an opportunity of proving his skill and devotion in a great campaign and a great battle

1

340

centre and the right of the three Royalist armies

united

to crush Waller

2

341

centre and the right of the three Royalist armies

had

for a moment

2

342

Hull

was

to Newcastle

1

343

Plymouth

was

to Hopton's men

1

344

They

would not march

on London

1

345

Charles

was

too weak

1

346

main Royalist army

was

to operate in the centre, Hopton's

6

347

main Royalist army

was

right, Newcastle on the left towards London

6

348

Charles

decided

to make the best use of his time by reducing Gloucester, the one great fortress of Parliament in the west

1

349

Waller

was given

new army wherewith again to engage Hopton and Maurice

6

350

Earl of Manchester (with Cromwell as his lieutenant-general)

was appointed

to head the forces of the Eastern Association against Newcastle

1

351

task of saving Gloucester from the King's army

fell

to Essex

6

352

Essex

was

heavily reinforced and drew his army together for action in the last days of August

6

353

man

was thought

to be the supreme trial of strength

1

354

London

sent

closing the shops

1

355

London

sent

six regiments of trained bands to the front

1

356

army

moved

resolutely, not deterred by want of food and rest, or by the attacks of Rupert's and Wilmot's horse on its flank

5

357

Gloucester

was

at the end of its resources

1

358

September

was

suddenly raised

1

359

siege of Gloucester

was

suddenly raised

1

360

Essex

had reached

Cheltenham

1

361

field armies

face

to face, and free to move

2

362

danger

was

field armies

2

363

Royalists

drew off

to Painswick

1

364

Parliamentary army

gained

long start on its homeward road via Cricklade, Hungerford and Reading

5

365

Royalist cavalry under Rupert

followed

rapidly by Charles and the main body from Evesham

2

366

Royalist cavalry under Rupert

strained

nerve to head off Essex at Newbury

2

367

whole Royal army

was drawn up

facing west, with its right on Newbury, and its left on Enborne Heath

5

368

they

would have

to break through by force

1

369

Essex's men

knew

that evening

1

370

ground

was

densely intersected by hedges, except in front of the Royalists' left centre

1

371

it

came up

own road or lane

1

372

Essex's army

was never formed

in line of battle

5

373

attack

had

best of it, capturing field after field, and thus gradually gaining ground to the front

1

374

lanes and hedges

held

by his foot

1

375

it

charged up

to the lanes and hedges

1

376

itself

did not succeed

in deploying on to the open ground on Newbury Wash, but victoriously repelled the royal horse

1

377

two of the London regiments, fresh to war as they were

were exposed

to a trial as severe as that which broke down the veteran Spanish infantry at Rocroi in this same year

1

378

Rupert and the Royalist horse

charged up

to the squares of pikes

1

379

his guns

tried

to disorder the Londoners

1

380

it

was not

until the advance of the royal infantry that the trained bands retired, slowly and in magnificent order, to the edge of the heath

1

381

Essex's army

failed

to break the opposing line

5

382

result

was

that Essex's army had fought its hardest

1

383

valour

displayed

by the Parliamentarians

1

384

they

withdraw

into Newbury

1

385

they

give up

disputed road

1

386

Essex thereupon

pursued

his march

1

387

Reading

was reached

on 22 September 1643 after a small rearguard skirmish at Aldermaston, and so ended the First Battle of Newbury, one of the most dramatic episodes of English history

1

388

foot

besieging

Lynn

1

389

horse

rode

to give a hand to the Fairfaxes

1

390

horse

rode

into the northern part of the county

1

391

Eastern Association forces under Manchester

moved up

into Lincolnshire, the foot

1

392

Eastern Association forces under Manchester

moved up

surrendered on 16 September, 1643

1

393

sea communications of Hull

were

open

1

394

whole

joining

Cromwell near Spilsby

1

395

rest under Sir Thomas Fairfax

went

by sea to Saltfleet a few days later

1

396

part of the cavalry in Hull

was ferried over

to Barton

1

397

old Lord Fairfax

remained

in Hull

1

398

old Lord Fairfax

received

infantry reinforcements and a quantity of ammunition and stores from the Eastern Association

1

399

Cromwell and Fairfax

won

driving the Royalist horse in confusion before them to Newark

2

400

Cromwell and Fairfax

won

brilliant cavalry action at the Battle of Winceby

1

401

Newcastle's army around Hull

had suffered

terribly from the hardships of continuous siege work

5

402

Newcastle's army around Hull

was attacked

by the garrison

5

403

They

were

so severely handled that the siege was given up the next day

1

404

Manchester

retook

Lincoln and Gainsborough

1

405

he

was compelled

to undertake the siege of Hull

1

406

Lincolnshire

had been

almost entirely in Newcastle's hands

1

407

Lincolnshire

was added

fact as well as in name, to the Eastern Association

1

408

Royalists

reoccupied

it on 3 October

1

409

Londoners

offered

to serve again

1

410

Rupert

was attempting

to fortify, as a menace to the Eastern Association and its communications with London

1

411

They

took

part in a minor campaign around Newport Pagnell

1

412

Essex

was

successful in preventing this

1

413

Sir William Waller's new army in Hampshire

failed

deserting en bloc

5

414

Sir William Waller's new army in Hampshire

failed

lamentably in an attempt on Basing House on 7 November, the London-trained bands

6

415

Arundel

surrendered

to a force under Sir Ralph, now Lord Hopton

1

416

months

were

turning-point of the war

1

417

King's lieutenant, by order of his master

made

truce with the Irish rebels on 15 September 1643

1

418

Charles's chief object

was

to set free his army to fight in England

5

419

it

was

universally believed that Irish regiments in plain words, papists in arms, would shortly follow

1

420

his act united against him nearly every class in Protestant England, and brought into the English

quarrel

armed strength of Presbyterian Scotland

1

421

Charles

keep

Scotland in check

1

422

Charles

trusting

to intrigue and diplomacy

1

423

Charles

rejected

advice of Earl of Montrose, his greatest and most faithful Sottish lieutenant, who wished to give the Scots employment for their army at home

5

424

Parliament at Westminster

swore

to the Solemn League and Covenant

1

425

even a semblance of Presbyterian theocracy

raised

question of freedom of conscience

1

426

It

is

true that even a semblance of Presbyterian theocracy put the "Independents" on their guard

1

427

Secret negotiations

were opened

between the Independents and Charles on that basis

1

428

King

using

to bring about the betrayal of Aylesbury and other small rebel posts

1

429

All parties

found

it convenient to interpret the Covenant liberally for the present

1

430

Parliamentary party

showed

so united a front that even Pym's death, on 8 December 1643, hardly affected its resolution to continue the struggle

1

431

troops from Ireland

obtained

at the cost of an enormous political blunder

1

432

troops from Ireland

proved

to be untrustworthy after all

1

433

Waller's Londoners

routed

Royalist detachment at Alton on the 13 December 1643

1

434

half the prisoners

took

Covenant

1

435

Hopton

had

to retire from the area around Arundel, and on 6 January 1644

1

436

Waller

recaptured

town

1

437

Byron's Cheshire army

was

in no better case

5

438

Newcastle's retreat from Hull and the loss of Gainsborough

changed

situation in the Midlands

1

439

Royalists

were

severely defeated for a second time at Nantwich on 25 January

1

440

Brereton

was joined

by the younger Fairfax from Lincolnshire

1

441

majority of the prisoners

entered

Parliamentary army

5

442

majority of the prisoners

took

Covenant

1

443

cause of Parliament

was

in the ascendant

1

444

Lord Fairfax

was

again in the field in the East Riding of Yorkshire

1

445

Newark

besieged

by Sir John Meldrum

1

446

Resistance

revived

in the West Riding towns

1

447

Newcastle

be attacked

in front and rear at once

1

448

advanced guard of the Scottish army

had passed

Tweed on 19 January

5

449

Rupert

was

to retrieve the fortunes of his side

1

450

he

went

to give a hand to Byron, and then, with the utmost speed

1

451

he

went

first to Cheshire

1

452

he

made

for Newark

1

453

he

relieved

Newark but routed the besiegers' cavalry

1

454

Meldrum's position

was

so hopeless that he capitulated on terms

1

455

prince

do

more than raid a few Parliamentary posts around Lincoln

1

456

prince

was

unable

1

457

he

had

to return his borrowed forces to their various garrisons

1

458

he

go

to raise a permanent field army

5

459

he

go

back to Walesladen, indeed with captured pikes and muskets

1

460

Rupert

could not be

in all places at once

1

461

Newcastle

was

clamorous for aid

1

462

only the countess of Derby, in Lathom House

held out

for the King

1

463

Rupert

go

to her relief

1

464

prince

was ordered back

to Oxford to furnish a travelling escort for the queen, who shortly after this, gave birth to her youngest child and returned to France

1

465

Charles

had

good reason for avoiding detachments from his own army

5

466

order

was countermanded

within a few hours

1

467

Hopton

had undergone

severe defeat at Cheriton, near New Alresford

1

468

advantage

lay

with the Royalists

1

469

Royalist

indiscipline

ruined everything

1

470

young cavalry colonel

charged

in defiance of orders

1

471

Waller

snatched out

of defeat

1

472

Charles

promised

him a marquessate

1

473

Charles

assented

to Montrose's plan

1

474

first attempt to raise the Royalist standard in Scotland

gave

no omen of its later triumphs

1

475

Sir Thomas Fairfax

advancing

from Lancashire through the West Riding

1

476

Sir Thomas Fairfax

joined

his father

1

477

Selby

was stormed

on 11 April

1

478

He

shut up

with his foot in York

1

479

Scottish general

prepared

to invest that city

1

480

Scottish general

joined

Fairfaxes

1

481

original plan of the Parliamentary " Committee of Both Kingdoms

directed

military and civil policy of the allies after the fashion of a modern cabinet

1

482

original plan of the Parliamentary " Committee of Both Kingdoms

was

to combine Essex's and Manchester's armies in an attack upon the King's army

7

483

Aylesbury

was appointed

as the place of concentration

1

484

Waller's troops

reconquer

west, Fairfax and the Scots

1

485

Waller's troops

invest

Newcastle's army

6

486

Waller's troops

drive back

Hopton

1

487

Waller's troops

were

to continue

1

488

Brereton and the Lincolnshire rebels

could be counted

upon to neutralise the one Byron, and the others, the Newark Royalists

1

489

Waller

deserted

by his trained bands

1

490

Waller

profit

by his victory of Cheriton

1

491

Waller

retired

to Farnham

1

492

Waller

was

unable

1

493

Eastern Association

suffering

from the effects of Rupert's Newark exploit

1

494

Lincoln

abandoned

by the rebels on that occasion

1

495

Lincoln

was not reoccupied

till 6 May

1

496

Essex

found

himself compelled to defend his conduct and motives to the "Committee of Both Kingdoms", and as usual

1

497

Essex

was straitened

for men and money

1

498

Royalists

considered

to be hopeless

1

499

Royalists

considered

own position

1

500

Prince Maurice

was engaged

in the fruitless siege of Lyme Regis

1

501

situation in the north

was

practically desperate

1

502

Gloucester

was

again a centre of activity and counterbalanced Newark

1

503

Rupert himself

came

to urge that his new army should be kept free to march to aid Newcastle

5

504

Rupert himself

came

to Oxford on 25 April 1644

1

505

Newscastle's army

was

now threatened, owing to the abandonment of the enemy's original plan by Manchester, as well as Fairfax and Leven

6

506

fiery prince and the methodical Earl of Forth (now honoured with the Earldom of Brentford)

were

at one, at least, in recommending that the Oxford area, with its own garrison and a mobile force, should be the pivot of the field armies' operations

2

507

Rupert

was not

in favour of abandoning any of the barriers to Essex's advance

1

508

Charles

executed

Brentford

1

509

Charles

agreed

to Rupert's scheme

1

510

Brentford

thought

it advisable to contract the lines of defence

1

511

It

approach

Oxford

1

512

It

was

now possible for the Roundheads

1

513

Abingdon

was

no sooner evacuated than on 26 May 1644, Waller's and Essex's armies united there - still, unfortunately for their cause, under separate commanders

2

514

Edmund Ludlow

joined

to place Oxford under siege

1

515

Edmund Ludlow

joined

Waller at Abingdon

1

516

Essex

moved

direct on Oxford

1

517

he

could give

hand to Edward Massey, the energetic governor of Gloucester

1

518

Waller

moved

towards Wantage

1

519

Maurice, with a whole army

besieging

single line of low breastworks that constituted the fortress of Lyme Regis

5

520

Hopton

take

charge of Bristol

1

521

Affairs

seemed

that the King dispatched

1

522

barriers of time and space, and the supply area

had been

deliberately given up to the enemy

1

523

extensive field operations

save

in consequence of the enemy's mistakes

1

524

Charles

was

practically forced to undertake

1

525

enemy

did not disappoint

him

1

526

King

advised

by Brentford

1

527

area

defined

by Stourbridge, Gloucester, Abingdon and Northampton

1

528

King

conducted

skilful war of manoeuvre in the area

1

529

Essex

marched off

to repeat at Lyme Regis, his Gloucester exploit of 1643

1

530

Essex

reducing

that fortress

1

531

Essex

leaving

Waller to the secondary work of keeping the King away from Oxford

2

532

Essex

marched off

into the west with most of the general service troops

1

533

he

made up

his mind to return to Oxford

1

534

Charles (then in Bewdley)

rose

to the idea of marching north to join Rupert and Newcastle

1

535

evanescent citizen army

drawn

from six counties under Major-General Browne

5

536

he

moved

producing another evanescent citizen army

5

537

he

moved

to Buckingham, the distant threat on London

1

538

Waller

followed

him closely

1

539

King

turned

upon Browne's motley host

1

540

Waller

appeared

to avert disaster

1

541

two armies

worked away

to the upper Cherwell

1

542

Waller

appeared

in time

1

543

Brentford and Waller

were

excellent strategists of the 17th century type

1

544

Royalists

were

successful in a series of minor fights about Cropredy Bridge

1

545

Waller's main army

drew off

unharmed

5

546

result

was

accordance with continental custom, admitted to be an important victory

1

547

Essex

was preparing

to go farther

1

548

Essex

had relieved

Lyme Regis and occupied Weymouth

1

549

two rebel armies

were

now indeed separate

1

550

Waller

had been left

to do as best he could

1

551

northern campaign

had been fought

to an issue

1

552

Rupert's courage and energy

command

success in the "English Civil War" than all the conscientious caution of an Essex or a Brentford

1

553

he

hoped

raise new forces

1

554

he

hoped

to re-establish the Derby influence

1

555

Shrewsbury

fight

his way through hostile country to Lancashire

1

556

besiegers of Lathom House, utterly

defeated

at Bolton on 28 May

1

557

he

received

large reinforcement under General George Goring, which included 5,000 of Newcastle's cavalry

1

558

capture of the almost defenceless town of Liverpool

did not delay

Rupert more than three or four days

1

559

He

turned

towards the Yorkshire border with greatly augmented forces

1

560

he

received

despatch from the King, the gist of which was that there was

1

561

Rupert

was

to make all haste southward via Worcester

1

562

you

beat

rebels' armies of both kingdoms, then, but otherways not

1

563

I

make

shift upon the defensive to spin out time

1

564

Charles

did manage

to spin out time

1

565

Rupert

had

to do his work upon York and the allied army in the shortest possible time

5

566

it

was

of capital importance

1

567

Rupert's duty

interpreted

through the medium of his temperament

1

568

his men

having been encouraged

by a small success on 17 June

1

569

Rupert

reached

Knaresborough on the 30th

1

570

Leven, Fairfax and Manchester

moved out

to meet him

1

571

Leven, Fairfax and Manchester

broke up

siege of York

1

572

prince

moving

still at high speed

1

573

prince

rode

round their right flank via Boroughbridge and Thornton Bridge

1

574

prince

entered

York on the north side

1

575

Newcastle

tried

to dissuade Rupert from fighting

1

576

his record as a general

was

scarcely convincing as to the value of his advice

1

577

Royalists

moved out

towards Marston Moor on the morning of 2 July 1644

1

578

Rupert

replied

that he had orders to fight

1

579

Parliamentary commanders

fearing

fresh manoeuvre

1

580

Parliamentary commanders

begun

to retire towards Tadcaster

1

581

it

became

evident that a battle was impending

1

582

battle of Marston Moor

began

at about four in the afternoon

1

583

it

ended

before night with the complete victory of the Parliamentary armies

1

584

It

was

first real trial of strength between the best elements on either side

1

585

Rupert, resolute as ever

extricated

6,000 cavalry from the debacle

1

586

Newcastle

fled

to the continent

1

587

victory

gave

Parliament entire control of the north

1

588

Yorkshire troops

proceeded

to conquer the isolated Royalist posts in their county

1

589

Scots

hold

in check a nascent Royalist army in Westmorland

6

590

Scots

besiege

Newcastle-on-Tyne

1

591

Manchester and Cromwell, already estranged

marched away

into the Eastern Association

1

592

army

was

forced to be idle

5

593

Cromwell, and the ever-growing Independent element

came

to suspect their commander of lukewarmness in the cause

1

594

Waller's army

was

spiritless and immobile

5

595

Cromwell

made

to the "Committee of Both Kingdoms", the first suggestion of the New Model Army

5

596

you

have

army merely your own

5

597

Browne's trained band army

was

perhaps the most ill-behaved of all

5

598

soldiers

attempted

to murder their own general

1

599

Parliament, in alarm

set

about the formation of a new general service force on 12 July

1

600

both Waller's and Browne's armies, at Abingdon and Reading respectively

collapsed

by mutiny and desertion

2

601

It

was

evident that the people at large, with their respect for the law and their anxiety for their own homes, were tired of the war

1

602

Only those men, such as Cromwell, who has set their hearts on fighting out the quarrel of conscience

kept

steadfastly to their purpose

1

603

himself

decided

that the King himself

1

604

Cromwell

must be deprived

of his authority

1

605

Even the Eastern Association trained bands

had joined

in the disaffection in Waller's army

5

606

all things

inspired

godly" officers

1

607

Godliness, devotion to the cause, and efficiency

were

indeed the only criteria Cromwell applied in choosing officers

1

608

precise colour of a man's religious opinions

mattered

nothing, compared with his devotion to them

1

609

he

had warned

Scottish major-general, Lawrence Crawford

1

610

men of honour and birth

possessed

essentials of godliness, devotion, and capacity

1

611

Cromwell

preferred

them

1

612

He

had told

committee of Suffolk

1

613

only seven out of thirty-seven of the superior officers of the original New Model

were not

of gentle birth

1

614

Essex's military promenade in the west of England

was

subject of immediate interest

1

615

he

could

overrun Devon

1

616

he

was persuaded

to overrun Cornwall as well

1

617

they

had risen

under Hopton

1

618

King

disregarding

armed mobs under Waller and Browne

1

619

King

was

soon on the march from the Oxford region

1

620

he

learned

that Lord Wilmot, the lieutenant-general of his horse, was in correspondence with Essex

1

621

state

reflected

general languishing of the war spirit on both sides, not on one only

1

622

Wilmot

was replaced

by the dissolute General Goring

1

623

it

was

unpleasantly evident that even gay cavaliers of the type of Wilmot had lost the ideals for which they fought

1

624

Charles

was

King

1

625

Wilmot

had come

to believe that the realm would never be at peace

1

626

it

will be found

that the Royalist foot, now a thoroughly professional force, is superior in quality to the once superb cavalry, and not merely because its opportunities for plunder

1

627

immediate victory

was

undeniably with the Royalists

1

628

Parliamentary army, now far from Plymouth

found

Fowey river, without hope of assistance

5

629

Parliamentary army, now far from Plymouth

surrounded

Fowey river, without hope of assistance

5

630

horse

cut out

through the investing circle of posts

1

631

Major-General Philip Skippon

had

to surrender with the whole of the foot on 2 September 1644

1

632

himself

escaped

by sea

1

633

arms, guns and munitions

were

spoil of the victors

1

634

officers and men

were allowed

to go free to Portsmouth

1

635

Eastern Association army

was distracted

by its religious differences, which had now at last come definitely to the front and absorbed the political dispute in a wider issue

5

636

Cromwell

were inclined

to make a hollow peace

1

637

Cromwell

proposed

to abolish the peerage, the members

1

638

He

had ceased

to pay the least respect to his general, Manchester, whose scheme for the solution of the quarrel was an impossible combination of Charles and Presbyterianism

1

639

Manchester, for his part

sank

into a state of mere obstinacy

1

640

He

move

against Rupert, or even to besiege Newark

1

641

He

threatened

to hang Colonel Lilburne for capturing a Royalist castle without orders

1

642

Banbury, a most important point in the Oxford circle, and Basing House

were

in danger of capture

1

643

Waller

had organised

small force of reliable troops

1

644

Waller

sent

cavalry into Dorsetshire with the idea of assisting Essex

1

645

He

came

himself with reinforcements

1

646

He

came

so far as lay in his power, the King's return to the Thames valley

1

647

Charles

was accompanied

course, only by his permanent forces and by parts of Prince Maurice's and Hopton's armies

2

648

war

receded

from their borders

1

649

Cornish levies

scattered

as soon as the war

1

650

Cornish levies

had

as usual

1

651

Essex

reorganised

his broken army at Portsmouth

5

652

Manchester

advanced

to Reading

1

653

Charles

would be

far from Oxford and Basing

1

654

Charles

outnumbered

by two to one

1

655

Waller

endeavored

to gain the necessary time and space for a general concentration in Wiltshire

1

656

Waller

endeavored

in addition

1

657

work of rearming Essex's troops

proceeded

slowly for want of money

1

658

Manchester

be hurried

saying that the army of the Eastern Association was for the guard of its own employers, and not for general service

5

659

Manchester

refused

to be hurried, either

1

660

Manchester

refused

his more vigorous subordinates

1

661

He

pleaded

renewed activity of the Newark Royalists as his excuse, forgetting that Newark would have been in his hands ere this, had he chosen to move thither, instead of lying idle for two months

1

662

council of war

was

constituted

1

663

Essex, as lord general of the Parliament's first army

was

to issue the necessary orders for the whole

6

664

it

was

unlikely that Waller's hopes of a great battle at Shaftesbury would be realised

1

665

royal army following him

reaching

Whitchurch on 10 October

5

666

royal army following him

step

by step and finally

5

667

Manchester

arrived

at Basingstoke on the 17th, Waller on the 19th, and Essex on the 21st

1

668

Charles

had found

that he could not relieve Basing

1

669

Charles

had found

without risking a battle with the enemy between himself and Oxford

1

670

his intent

was

to "spin out time" until Rupert

1

671

he

relieved

Donnington Castle, near Newbury, on the 22nd

1

672

he

took

Newbury road

1

673

Banbury

was relieved

by a force that could now be spared from the Oxford garrison

1

674

council of war on the other side

was

for fighting a battle

1

675

spirits

revived

by the prospect of action, and by the news of the fall of Newcastle-on-Tyne and the defeat of a sally from Newark

1

676

Parliamentary armies

revived

by the prospect of action, and by the news of the fall of Newcastle-on-Tyne and the defeat of a sally from Newark

2

677

they

appeared

north of Newbury on the Oxford road

1

678

himself

headed off

from the shelter of friendly fortresses

1

679

Royalists, in the first case

drew

barrier across Essex's path

1

680

King

attack

them

1

681

eager Parliamentarians

made

no attempt to force

1

682

he

was

better off for supplies and quarters than they

1

683

They

attack

him in his chosen position themselves

1

684

Second battle of Newbury

fought

on 27 October 1644

1

685

Second battle of Newbury

was

first great manoeuvre-battle, distinct from the "pitched" battle, of the civil war

1

686

Essex

owing

to illness

1

687

Essex

was not

present

1

688

preliminary reconnaissance by the Parliamentary leaders

established

fact that the King's infantry held a strong line of defence behind the Lambourn brook, from Shaw

1

689

Shaw House and adjacent buildings

were being held

as an advanced post

1

690

Donnington Castle

formed

covering this gap with artillery fire

1

691

Donnington Castle

formed

strong post

1

692

Parliamentary leaders

had

no intention of flinging their men away in a frontal attack on the line of the Lambourn

1

693

obstacle

presented

by the confluence of the Lambourn and the Kennet

1

694

flank attack from the east side

succeed

owing to the obstacle

1

695

they

decided

on a wide turning movement via Chieveley, Winterbourne and Wickham Heath, against Prince Maurice's position

1

696

flank march, out of range of the castle

was conducted

with punctuality and precision

1

697

troops

composing

it

1

698

troops

were drawn

from all three armies, and led by the best fighting generals, Waller, Cromwell, and Essex's subordinates, Balfour and Skippon

2

699

Waller's guns

were heard

at Speen

1

700

turning movement

make

vigorous holding attack on Shaw House, as soon

1

701

Prince Maurice

had made

ready to meet him

1

702

Waller's attack

was not

unexpected

1

703

first rush of the rebels

carried

entrenchments of Speen Hill

1

704

itself

fell

recapturing here some of the guns

1

705

itself

fell

into their hands within an hour, Essex's infantry

1

706

Speen

had had

to surrender at Lostwithiel

1

707

Manchester, in spite of the entreaties of his staff

had not stirred

from Clay Hill

1

708

He

made

one false attack early in the morning

1

709

he

was

aware of his own deficiencies as a general

1

710

Manchester

acted

upon the advice of a capable soldier, such as Cromwell or Crawford

1

711

he

sought

happy solution of the quarrel

1

712

his mind

was warped

by a desire for peace on any terms

1

713

attempt to emerge from the lanes and fields

was repulsed

by the royal cavalry, and indeed, by every available man and horse

1

714

Charles's officers

stripped

front of its defenders to stop Waller's advance

1

715

Charles's officers

had gauged

Manchester's intentions, and almost

1

716

Manchester

ordered

attack on Shaw House

1

717

Nightfall

put

end to the struggle around Newbury, and then

1

718

battle of Freiburg

fought

year on the Rhine

1

719

battle

resembled

that of the battle of Freiburg

1

720

Waller's part in the battle

corresponded

in a measure to Turenne

1

721

Manchester

was

unequal to playing the part of Conde

1

722

results, in the case of the French, who won by three days of hard fighting, and even then comparatively small

were

in the case of the English, practically nil

1

723

royal army

marched away

through the gap between Waller's and Manchester's troops

6

724

heavy artillery and stores

were left

in Donnington Castle

1

725

Charles himself with a small escort

rode off

to meet Rupert

1

726

attempt at pursuit

was made

by Waller and Cromwell, with all the cavalry they could lay hands on

1

727

council of war

had decided

to content itself with besieging Donnington Castle

1

728

it

referred

to the Committee for further instructions

1

729

Charles

having joined

Rupert at Oxford and made him general of the Royalist forces vice Brentford

2

730

Charles

reappeared

in the neighbourhood of Newbury

1

731

Donnington Castle

was

again relieved on 9 November, under the eyes of the Parliamentary army, which was in such a miserable condition that even Cromwell was against fighting

6

732

Charles

relieved

Basing House

1

733

Parliamentary armies

fell

back, not in the best order, to Reading

1

734

royal army

retired

to enjoy good quarters and plentiful supplies around Oxford

6

735

season for field warfare

was

now far spent

1

736

dissensions between the generals

had become

flagrant and public

1

737

It

ignore

fact

1

738

It

was

no longer possible for the Houses of Parliament

1

739

It

was

that the army must be radically reformed

5

740

Cromwell and Waller, from their places in parliament

attacked

Manchester's conduct

1

741

Cromwell

was

concerned

1

742

attack

became

attack on the Lords, most of whom held the same views as Manchester, and on the Scots, who attempted to bring Cromwell to trial as an "incendiary"

1

743

Cromwell

proposed

to stifle all animosities by the resignation of all officers who were members of either House, a proposal that affected himself not less than Essex and Manchester

1

744

first " self-denying ordinance

was moved

on 9 December 1644, and provided that "no member of either house shall have or execute any office or command

1

745

etc. This

was not accepted

by the Lords

1

746

second "self-denying ordinance"

was agreed

to on 3 April 1645

1

747

second "self-denying ordinance"

were

without prejudice to their reappointment

1

748

formation of the New Model

was

at last definitely taken into consideration

1

749

last exploit of Sir William Waller

was not re-employed

after the passing of the ordinance

1

750

relief of Taunton

besieged

by General Goring's army

5

751

last exploit of Sir William Waller

was

relief of Taunton

1

752

Cromwell

served

as his lieutenant-general on this occasion

1

753

We

have

Waller's own testimony that he was, in all things, a wise, capable and respectful subordinate

1

754

Cromwell

knowing

cause to be in good hands

1

755

Cromwell

was

well satisfied to obey

1

756

chief enterprises

undertaken

on the side of the Royalists during the early winter of 1644/45

1

757

raid of Goring's horse from the west into Surrey, and an unsuccessful attack on General Browne at Abingdon

were

chief enterprises

1

758

It

was

no longer "summer in Devon, summer in Yorkshire" as in January 1643

1

759

Rupert himself

was

to be numbered

1

760

ever-growing section of Royalists

were

for peace

1

761

scores of loyalist gentlemen, impoverished by the loss of three years rents of their estates, and hopeless of ultimate victory

were making

way to Westminster to give in their submission to Parliament and to pay their fines

1

762

new plan

suggested

probably by Rupert

1

763

new plan

been tried

with strategic success in the summer campaign of 1644

1

764

It

consisted

essentially in using Oxford as the centre of a circle and striking out radially at any favourable target - "manoeuvring about a fixed point

1

765

It

was

significant of the decline of the Royalist cause that the "fixed point" had been, in 1643, the King's field army, based indeed on its great entrenched camp, Banbury-Cirencester-Reading-Oxford, but free to move and to hold the enemy, wherever met

6

766

entrenched camp itself

weakened

by the loss or abandonment of its outer posts, and without the power of binding the enemy

1

767

it

was

that conditioned the scope and duration of the single remaining field army's enterprises

5

768

Charles's cause

was crumbling

more from internal weakness than from the blows of the enemy

1

769

they

occupied

attention of the Scots and their Presbyterian friends

1

770

Fresh negotiations for peace

opened

on 29 January 1645 at Uxbridge

1

771

Fresh negotiations for peace

opened

by the name of which place

1

772

rise of Independency, and of Cromwell

was

further distraction

1

773

Lords and Commons

were

seriously at variance over the new army, and the Self-denying Ordinance

5

774

fresh mutiny in Waller's command

struck

alarm into the hearts of the disputants

1

775

settlement

was achieved

on 15 February

1

776

treaty" of Uxbridge

came

to the same end as the treaty of Oxford in 1643

1

777

it

was

only on 25 March that the second and modified form of the ordinance was agreed to by both Houses

1

778

Sir Thomas Fairfax and Philip Skippon

were not

members of parliament

1

779

Sir Thomas Fairfax and Philip Skippon

had been approved

as lord general and major-general

1

780

moment

left

vacant

1

781

post of lieutenant-general and cavalry commander

would

eventually occupy it

1

782

post of lieutenant-general and cavalry commander

was

for the moment

1

783

post of lieutenant-general and cavalry commander

was

there was little doubt as to

1

784

New Model Army's first necessity

was

regular pay

5

785

New Model Army's first necessity

was

first duty to serve wherever it might be sent

5

786

only one

formed

in a true sense a general service force

1

787

only one

formed

Manchester

1

788

Essex

formed

in a true sense a general service force

1

789

Essex

formed

Manchester

1

790

Waller's army

was

no better paid than Essex's, and no freer from local ties than Manchester

6

791

only 600 of its infantry

passed

into the New Model

1

792

It

was

therefore broken up early in April

1

793

regular pay and strict officers

make

them excellent soldiers

1

794

own major-general

persuade

to rejoin

1

795

own major-general

managed

to persuade the bulk of the men

1

796

own major-general

managed

by tact and his personal popularity

1

797

Cromwell

had been

guiding influence from first

1

798

Manchester's army

was

naturally the backbone of the New Model

6

799

Essex, Manchester, and Waller

resigned

commissions in anticipation of the passing by Parliament of the self-denying ordinance

1

800

minor armies

were

still maintained

1

801

New Model

consisted

of 14,400 foot and 7,700 horse

1

802

new recruits

furnished

by the 'press

1

803

officers and sergeants and the troopers of the horse

were

sternest Puritans of all

1

804

Puritans

disappeared

from the ranks of the infantry

1

805

only 6,000

came

being new recruits

1

806

only 6,000

came

from the combined armies, the rest

1

807

discipline

had

to be enforced with unusual sternness

1

808

Oxford

was

openly contemptuous of "the rebels' new brutish general" and his men, who seemed hardly likely to succeed, where Essex and Waller had failed

2

809

Parliament

having

army all its own

5

810

effect of Parliament

was

to be apparent

1

811

Charles II

was sent

with Hyde

1

812

Charles II

was sent

his advisers

1

813

General (Lord) Goring

was

truculent, insubordinate and dissolute

1

814

Lord

was

truculent, insubordinate and dissolute

1

815

he

did display

certain degree of skill and leadership

1

816

operations

began

with the sieges, necessary to conciliate local feeling

1

817

reinforcement

thrown

into the last place by Waller and Cromwell

1

818

reinforcement

was dismissed

by Blake

1

819

Blake

rejoined

Waller and Cromwell

1

820

generals

laid down

commissions

1

821

generals

engaged

Goring for some weeks

1

822

Neither side

had

infantry or artillery

1

823

New Model at last

took

field

1

824

Goring's horse

rode

all over Dorsetshire

1

825

Taunton

remained

unrelieved

1

826

King's main army

began

year's work

5

827

Royalist horse, as ill-behaved even as Goring's men

were

directly responsible for the ignominious failure

1

828

Prince Maurice

was joined

at Ludlow by Rupert and part of his Oxford army, early in March 1645

6

829

brothers

relieved

pressure on Lord Byron in Cheshire

1

830

brothers

drove off

Brereton from the siege of Beeston Castle

1

831

all available forces in the north, English and Scots

were ordered

to march against him

1

832

great

invading

Lancashire and Yorkshire

1

833

great

was

danger of Rupert

1

834

prince

was called

back to clear his line of retreat on Oxford

1

835

Herefordshire and Worcestershire peasantry, weary of military exactions

were

in arms

1

836

most part

dispersed

after stating their grievances

1

837

they

would not join

Parliament

1

838

few regular soldiers

disperse

them in all cases

1

839

attempt to establish a third party in England

was

morally as significant

1

840

few regular soldiers

were

sufficient

1

841

Royalists

fighting

with the courage of despair

1

842

only possible way

was

annihilation of the enemy's armed forces

1

843

Earl of Manchester's Presbyterian royalism

contributed

so materially to the prolongation of the struggle

1

844

majority

were

so weary of the war that the Earl of Manchester's Presbyterian royalism, which contributed so materially to the prolongation of the struggle, would probably have been accepted by four-fifths of all England as the basis of a peace

1

845

Westminster

guided

cause of their weaker comrades to complete victory

1

846

It

was

fact, in the face of almost universal opposition, that Fairfax and Cromwell and their friends at Westminster

1

847

Rupert

resume

his march into the north

1

848

Rupert

was

eager

1

849

he

wished

to join Montrose

1

850

Charles himself

favoured

that plan

1

851

he

intended

to fight the Scottish army

5

852

it

had been called

upon to detach a large force to deal with Montrose

1

853

this time

was

no Royalist army in the north to provide infantry and guns for a pitched battle

6

854

Rupert

had perforce

to wait near Hereford till the main body

1

855

artillery train

join

him

1

856

artillery train

could come

from Oxford

1

857

It

was

on the march of the artillery train to Hereford that the first operations of the New Model centred

1

858

infantry

was not

yet ready

1

859

infantry

move

spite of all Fairfax's and Skippon's efforts

1

860

It

send

cavalry

1

861

It

prevent

Rupert from gaining a start

1

862

Cromwell

had come

to resign his commission, as required by the Self-denying Ordinance

1

863

Cromwell

had come

to Windsor

1

864

he

was placed

at the head of a brigade of his own old soldiers, with orders to stop the march of the artillery train

1

865

Cromwell

started

from Watlington, north-westward

1

866

he

routed

detachment of Royalist horse at Islip

1

867

he

had

no guns and only a few firearms in the whole force

1

868

he

terrified

governor of Bletchingdon House into surrender

1

869

Cromwell

attacked

Faringdon House, though without success, on 29 April

1

870

Cromwell

won

cavalry fight at Bampton-in-the-Bush on the 27th

1

871

he

marched

at leisure to Newbury

1

872

He

had done

his work thoroughly

1

873

above all

had carried off

horse on the countryside

1

874

He

had demoralised

Royalist cavalry

1

875

he

summoned

Goring's cavalry from the west to make good his losses

1

876

Charles

reply

that the guns could not be moved till the 7 May

1

877

King

concentrate

his various armies in the neighbourhood of Oxford

2

878

Fairfax and Cromwell

hoped

found its target

1

879

Committee of Both Kingdoms" on the one side, and Charles, Rupert, and Goring, on the other

held

different views

1

880

Fairfax

having been ordered

to relieve Taunton

1

881

Fairfax

set out

from Windsor for the long march to that place

1

882

he

directed

lieutenant-general to watch the movements of the King's army

5

883

he

reached

on 7 May

1

884

himself

marched on

to Blandford

1

885

He

marched on

to Blandford

1

886

Waller

had been left

previous year

1

887

Cromwell's detachment

was left

to hold the King, as best he could

1

888

leading troops of Goring's command

destroyed

part of Cromwell's own regiment near Faringdon

1

889

May Rupert and Maurice

appeared

with a force of all arms at Burford

1

890

Committee of Both Kingdoms", though aware on 29 May of Goring's move

did not send off

orders till the 5th

1

891

Committee of Both Kingdoms", though aware on 29 May of Goring's move

made up

mind to stop Fairfax on the 3rd

1

892

detachment

was

to be sent to the relief of Taunton

1

893

main army

was

to return

5

894

siege of Oxford, and not the enemy's field army

was

objective

5

895

he

came up

to the Thames valley

1

896

his uncle

calculating

that with Fairfax in Somersetshire, Oxford was safe

1

897

it

chanced

that Fairfax began his return march from Blandford

1

898

Charles

marched out

of Oxford on the 7th towards Stow-on-the-Wold, on the very day

1

899

they

had dealt

with Essex in 1644

1

900

Goring and most of the other generals

were

for a march into the west, in the hope of dealing with Fairfax

1

901

Essex and Waller

had parted

at the same place in 1644

1

902

Goring

was

to return to his independent command in the west

1

903

Rupert and the King

were

to march northward

1

904

Rupert and the King

were

was

1

905

King's army

unimpaired

by Goring's notorious indiscipline

5

906

Rupert, not unnaturally

keep

his influence with the King and his authority as general of the King's army

5

907

Rupert, not unnaturally

made

no attempt to prevent the separation, which in the event proved wholly unprofitable

1

908

flying column from Blandford

relieved

Taunton long before Goring's return to the west

1

909

Colonel Weldon and Colonel Graves

set

him at defiance even in the open country

1

910

he

preparing

for the siege of Oxford

1

911

he

was

out of Goring's reach

1

912

generals

were working

by data that had ceased to have any value

1

913

it

was known

that the King was on the move

1

914

Fairfax's siege of Oxford

ordered

by the Committee on the 10 May 1645, and persisted in

1

915

Fairfax's siege of Oxford

was

second great blunder of the year

1

916

blunder

was

hardly redeemed, as a military measure, by the visionary scheme of assembling the Scots, the Yorkshiremen, and the midland forces to oppose the King

1

917

It

having created

new model army, "all its own" for general service

5

918

Parliament

trusted

to fight the enemy's main army

5

919

Parliament

trusted

improvised army of local troops

5

920

Parliament

tied down

to a local enterprise

1

921

Committee

seems

to have been misled by false information to the effect that Goring and the governor of Oxford were about to declare for Parliament

1

922

Fairfax

invested

Oxford

1

923

proper siege train

besieged

it for two weeks

1

924

he

was

able, without a proper siege train

1

925

Fairfax

obeyed

orders

1

926

Committee

gave

Fairfax a free hand

1

927

Committee

abdicated

control over military operations

1

928

Black Tom" gladly and instantly

marched

to give battle to the King

1

929

Black Tom" gladly and instantly

abandoned

siege

1

930

they

marched

against Brereton

1

931

he

called

upon Yorkshire and the Scottish army there for aid

5

932

he

had

on hand

1

933

The latter

raised

the sieges

1

934

new victories

won

by Montrose

1

935

Leven

heard

of new victories

1

936

He

could do

no more than draw his army and his guns over the Pennine chain into Westmorland, in the hope of being in time to bar the King's march on Scotland via Carlisle

5

937

news of Auldearn

brought

Leven to the region of Carlisle

1

938

Fairfax

was not

yet released from the siege of Oxford, in spite of the protests of the Scottish representatives in London

1

939

he

was

to lead it against, not the King, but Goring

1

940

Massey

was placed

in command of a field force on 25 May 1645

1

941

Charles

turned

of continuing his march on to Lancashire

1

942

Charles

turned

due eastward towards Derbyshire

1

943

Cromwell

was sent

to raise an army for the defence of the Eastern Association

5

944

Royalists

had

no intentions in that direction

1

945

it

return

to Oxford

1

946

it

invade

Scotland by the easy east coast route

1

947

it

fight

Leven in Yorkshire

1

948

eastward march

was made

to "spin out time"

1

949

eastward march

was made

could be known

1

950

Conflicting reports as to the condition of Oxford

reached

royal headquarters in the last week of May

1

951

South Wales Royalists

were

also called in towards Leicester

1

952

May

directed

him to Newbury

1

953

he

was

to feel the strength of the enemy's positions around Oxford

1

954

Goring

marched off

towards Taunton regardless of the order

1

955

It

say

that Goring found good military reasons for continuing his independent operations

1

956

he and his men

were not

at Naseby

1

957

He

redressed

balance there for the moment by overawing Massey's weak force

1

958

King, at the geographical centre of England

found

important and wealthy town at his mercy

1

959

Rupert

took

opportunity

1

960

Fairfax

being directed

to abandon the siege of Oxford and given carte blanche to bring the Royal army to battle wherever it was met

6

961

it

resulted

in Fairfax

1

962

King

accepted

advice of those who feared for the safety of Oxford

1

963

King

had

capture of Leicester

1

964

Rupert, though commander-in-chief

insist

on the northern enterprise

1

965

he

halted

to throw supplies into Oxford

1

966

Rupert, though commander-in-chief

had marched

to Daventry

1

967

Rupert, though commander-in-chief

was

unable

1

968

Fairfax in his turn

relieve

Oxford nor join the King for an attack on the New Model

2

969

Fairfax in his turn

move

thanks to the insubordination of Goring

1

970

Parliamentary general

moved

to cover the Eastern Association

1

971

Parliamentary general

moved

from Oxford towards Northampton so as

1

972

Royalists

turned

northward again on the 13th to resume the Yorkshire project under the very eyes of the enemy

1

973

two armies

were

only a few miles apart, Fairfax at Kislingbury, Charles at Daventry

2

974

Charles

slept

at Lubenham, Fairfax at Guilsborough

1

975

Colonel Rossiter

came up

with more from Lincolnshire on the morning of the battle

1

976

it

was

with an incontestable superiority of numbers and an overwhelming moral advantage that Fairfax fought at Naseby on 14 June

1

977

Cromwell

had ridden

into camp on the morning of the 13th with fresh cavalry from the eastern counties

1

978

result of the battle

was

annihilation of the Royal army

5

979

splendid Royal infantry

were killed

taken prisoners to a man

1

980

Part of the cavalry

escaped

small fraction of it in tolerable order

1

981

war

dragged on

for another year

1

982

Fairfax's army

outnumbered

on 14 June 1645

5

983

King

never succeeded

in raising an army as good as, or even more numerous than that

5

984

That the fruits of the victory could not be gathered in a few weeks

was

due to a variety of hindrances

1

985

Scots

rejoiced

that the "back of the malignants was broken

1

986

They

demanded

reinforcements, as a precaution against "the insolence of others," i.e.

1

987

to whom alone the Lord

has given

victory of that day

1

988

fortnight after Naseby, Carlisle

fell

to David Leslie's besieging corps, after a long and honourable defence by Sir Thomas Glemham

1

989

Leven

returned

to Yorkshire

1

990

Leven's army

reached

Mansfield

5

991

Leicester

was reoccupied

by Fairfax on the 18th

1

992

Cromwell for one

would have employed

it against the Scots, almost as readily as against malignants

1

993

Fairfax's army

was intended

by its founders to be a specifically English army

10

994

Fairfax

was

thereby set free from the necessity of undertaking sieges

1

995

advance of the northern army

was

of the highest military importance

5

996

publication of the King's papers

taken

at Naseby

1

997

publication of the King's papers

gave

Fairfax's troops, a measure of official and popular support

1

998

Charles

been endeavouring

to let loose on English soil

1

999

Charles

had

for three years

1

1000

It

was

now obvious that they represented the armed force of England against the Irish, Danes, French, Lorrainers, etc.

1

1001

Even the Presbyterians

abandoned

to negotiate with the King

1

1002

Even the Presbyterians

advocated

vigorous prosecution of the war

1

1003

Even the Presbyterians

abandoned

for the time, any attempt

1

1004

This, in the hands of Fairfax and Cromwell

was

likely to be effective

1

1005

King and Rupert, with the remnant of their cavalry

raise

fresh infantry

1

1006

King and Rupert, with the remnant of their cavalry

join

Sir Charles Gerard's troops

2

1007

King and Rupert, with the remnant of their cavalry

hurried

into South Wales

1

1008

Fairfax

decided

that Goring's was the most important Royalist army in the field

6

1009

He

turned

reaching Lechlade on the 26th, less than a fortnight after the battle of Naseby

1

1010

Westminster

made

to dictate the plan of campaign

1

1011

Committee

refused

to pass-on the directions of the Houses

1

1012

Fairfax

deal

with Goring

1

1013

Westminster

made

one last attempt

1

1014

Carles in Monmouthshire and Rupert at Bristol

were

well placed for a junction with Goring, which would have given them a united army, 15,000 strong

5

1015

Taunton, in spite of Massey's efforts to keep the field

was

again besieged

1

1016

King's officers

were doing

to turn into troops for their master

1

1017

numerous bands of Clubmen

were

on foot

1

1018

Goring and his subordinate

were alienating

King's most devoted adherents by their rapacity, cruelty and debauchery

1

1019

Goring

had

no desire to lose the independent command

1

1020

he

had extorted

at Stow-on-the-Wold in May

1

1021

Houses

take

other measures against the King

1

1022

they

did

by paying up the arrears due to Leven's army, and bringing it to the Severn valley

5

1023

Leven

reached

bringing with him a Parliamentarian force from Derbyshire

1

1024

Leven

reached

Alcester

1

1025

Leven

reached

Sir John Gell

1

1026

Fairfax and Goring

were

at close quarters

1

1027

Parrett

barred

direct route to Taunton

1

1028

Royalist general's line of defence

faced

west along the River Yeo

1

1029

Fairfax

marched

from Lechlade via Marlborough and Blandford, hindered only by Clubmen, the friendly posts of Dorchester and Lyme Regis

1

1030

he

turn

headwaters of Goring's river-line via Beaminster and Crewkerne

1

1031

Royalists

abandoned

south and west side of the rivers

1

1032

siege of Taunton

been given up

passed over to the north and east bank

1

1033

new left

was

at Ilchester

1

1034

Bridgwater

was

right of this second line

1

1035

Goring

remain

in touch with Charles in south Wales, through Bristol

1

1036

swift, handy and resolute regiments of the New Model

made

short work of its strong positions

1

1037

Goring's army

was

thoroughly demoralised by its own licence and indiscipline

5

1038

Fairfax

occupied

Yeovil

1

1039

post at that place

had been

right of Goring's first position

1

1040

post at that place

been withdrawn

to Ilchester, when the second position was taken up

1

1041

Fairfax

repaired

bridge without interruption

1

1042

enemy

disturb

him

1

1043

enemy

was not

present

1

1044

he

led

cavalry charges with boldness and skill

1

1045

he

abandoned

line of the Yeo, as far as Langport, without striking a blow

1

1046

Goring

formed

new plan

1

1047

strong rearguard

was posted

at Langport, and on high ground east and north-east of it, to hold Fairfax

1

1048

He himself, with the cavalry

rode

to try

1

1049

He himself, with the cavalry

rode

surprise Taunton

1

1050

He himself, with the cavalry

rode

off early on the 8th

1

1051

Fairfax

had called up

to assist his own

1

1052

This place

was

no longer protected by Massey's little army

5

1053

Fairfax

was not

yet across Long Sutton bridge

1

1054

Fairfax

sent

Massey after him with a body of horse

1

1055

Fairfax

heard

of Goring's raid in good time

1

1056

Massey

pursued up

to the south-eastern edge of Langport

1

1057

Massey

surprised

large party of the Royalists at Ilminster on the 9th

1

1058

Fairfax's advanced guard

led

by Major Bethel of Cromwell's own regiment

1

1059

Fairfax's advanced guard

stormed

position of Goring's rearguard, east of Langport

1

1060

cavalry of the New Model

led

by Cromwell himself

1

1061

Goring's army

dismayed

on the point of collapse

5

1062

Goring's army

was

more or less rallied

5

1063

cavalry of the New Model

swept

in pursuit right up to the gates of Bridgwater

1

1064

His army

defended

itself in Bridgwater resolutely till 23 July

5

1065

fall of Bridgwater

gave

Fairfax complete control of Somerset and Dorset, from Lyme Regis to the Bristol channel

1

1066

Goring

raising

fresh army

5

1067

he

have

to break through towards Bristol by open force

1

1068

battle between Goring and Fairfax

have

one result

1

1069

Charles

had perforce

to give up his intention of joining Goring, and of resuming the northern enterprise

1

1070

His recruiting operations in south Wales

had not been

as successful

1

1071

This time Rupert

would not be

with him

1

1072

prince

hoping

only for a peace on the best terms procurable

1

1073

prince

despairing

of success

1

1074

prince

returned

to his governorship of Bristol and prepared to meet Fairfax's impending attack

1

1075

influence of Rupert

was supplanted

by that of George Digby, Earl of Bristol

1

1076

he

offend

officers by constituting himself a sort of confidential military secretary to the King

1

1077

he

was

rest of the campaign the guiding spirit of the Royalists

1

1078

he

was met

by great numbers of Yorkshire gentlemen with promises of fresh recruits

1

1079

Charles

marched

by Bridgnorth, Lichfield and Ashbourne to Doncaster

1

1080

Derbyshire men with Gell

were

far away at Worcester with Leven

1

1081

Yorkshire Parliamentarians

engaged

in besieging Scarborough Castle, Pontefract and other posts

1

1082

Yorkshire

sieges

being now

1

1083

Yorkshire

sieges

ended

1

1084

David Leslie with the cavalry of Leven's army

was coming up

behind him

5

1085

Major-General Poyntz's force

lay

in his front

1

1086

It

wait

for the new levies

1

1087

King

turned

back to Oxford, raiding Huntingdonshire and other parts of the hated Eastern Association en route

1

1088

Charles

was

in no case to resume his northern march

1

1089

Fairfax and the New Model

besiege

Sherborne Castle

1

1090

Fairfax and the New Model

clear away

Dorsetshire Clubmen

1

1091

Fairfax and the New Model

had turned

after reducing Bridgwater

1

1092

King's army

was

still in Huntingdon

5

1093

he

had lost

at Langport and Bridgwater

1

1094

Goring

raise

to replace the one

1

1095

Goring

was trying

to raise a new army

5

1096

it

had been decided

besiege Bristol, and on 23 August 1645

1

1097

he

had come

in from the Eastern Association raid

1

1098

Charles

left

Oxford for the west only

1

1099

Leslie

lead

to bolster the Covenanter militia in Scotland

1

1100

Leslie

lead

his cavalry north

1

1101

Leven's Scottish infantry

were

more occupied with plundering Worcestershire for food than with the siege works

1

1102

Royalists

approached

Worcester

1

1103

Leven

had

no alternative but to withdraw without fighting

1

1104

Worcester

was relieved

on 1 September

1

1105

he

found

that he could no longer expect recruits from South Wales

1

1106

King Charles

entered

Worcester on 8 September

1

1107

Fairfax's army

stormed

Bristol

5

1108

Fairfax

placed

fate of Bristol on the political issue

1

1109

lines of defence around the place

were

too extensive for his small force

1

1110

he

surrendered

Bristol on terms

1

1111

Rupert

realised

hopelessness of further fighting the very summons to surrender sent in by Fairfax

1

1112

he

rode

with the officers of the escort about peace and the future of his adopted country

1

1113

He

was escorted

to Oxford with his men, conversing

1

1114

almost the last time

called

to rejoin the main army

5

1115

tiny force of raw infantry and disheartened cavalry

can be

so called, in the neighbourhood of Raglan

1

1116

almost the last time

called

upon Goring

1

1117

him

leave

England

1

1118

Charles, almost stunned by the suddenness of the catastrophe

dismissed

his nephew from all his offices

1

1119

Goring

could be brought

to withdraw his objections

1

1120

Charles

turned

northward towards Montrose

1

1121

weary march through the Welsh hills

brought

Royal army on 22 September to the neighbourhood of Chester

5

1122

rest under Sir Marmaduke Langdale

was sent

to take Jones's lines in reverse

1

1123

Charles himself with one body

entered

city, which was partially invested by the Parliamentarian colonel Michael Jones

1

1124

he

left

Doncaster in the middle of August

1

1125

Poyntz's forces

had followed

King's movements

1

1126

he

defeated

him in the battle of Rowton Heath

1

1127

he

defeated

September 24

1

1128

sortie of the King's troops from Chester

was repulsed

by Jones

1

1129

Poyntz's forces

appeared

in rear of Langdale

1

1130

Chester

connect

Charles with Ireland

1

1131

Thereupon the Royal army

withdrew

to Denbigh

5

1132

Charles

gave

orders that the west should be abandoned

1

1133

prince of Wales

should be sent

to France

1

1134

he

could

to the Oxford region

1

1135

Charles

received

news of Philiphaugh on the 28 September 1645

1

1136

he

had marched

from Denbigh after revictualling Chester and suffering the defeat of Rowton Heath

1

1137

himself

reached

Newark

1

1138

he

waiting

for Goring and the Royalist militia of the westeach in its own way a broken reed to lean upon

1

1139

intention to go to Montrose

was

of course given up, at any rate for the present

1

1140

court

remained

at Newark for over a month

1

1141

hollow reconciliation

was patched up

between Charles and Rupert

1

1142

it

set out

to return to Oxford

1

1143

King

make

to reach Scotland

1

1144

King

permitted

to make a fresh attempt

1

1145

King

permitted

Langdale's northern troops

1

1146

his influence

had been

to the discipline of the army

5

1147

Digby

was appointed

to command in this enterprise

1

1148

he

succeeded

on the 15th in surprising Poyntz's entire force of foot at Sherburn

1

1149

His immediate opponent

was

Poyntz

1

1150

Digby

hoped

to trap them also

1

1151

Royalist main body

mistook

Parliamentary squadrons in flight through Sherburn for friends

1

1152

the latter

coming

to their senses first

1

1153

the latter

drove

the Royalist horse in wild confusion as far as Skipton

1

1154

Digby's cavalry

fled

as fast as Poyntz's and in the same direction

1

1155

he

penetrated

as far as Dumfries

1

1156

Lord Digby

was

still sanguine, and from Skipton

1

1157

Montrose's new army

was

was not in the Lowlands

5

1158

it

was

certain that Leven and Leslie were on the Border

1

1159

men

remaining

to him

1

1160

he

took

ship with his officers for the Isle of Man

1

1161

Rossiter with the Lincoln troops

was posted

at Grantham

1

1162

Poyntz

watching

King from Nottingham

1

1163

Poyntz

had not followed

him beyond Skipton

1

1164

officers and many others

ask

to go over-seas

1

1165

officers and many others

rode away

to ask Parliament for leave

1

1166

they

were not improved

by a violent dispute between him and Rupert, Maurice, Lord Gerard and Sir Richard Willis, at the end

1

1167

King's chances of escaping from Newark

were becoming

smaller day by day

1

1168

pretext of the quarrel mattered little, the distinction between the views of Charles and Digby on the one hand and Rupert and his friends on the other

was

fundamental to the latter peace had become a political as well as a military necessity

1

1169

south Wales, with the single exception of Raglan Castle

had been

overrun by Parliamentarians

1

1170

New Model

fearing

Goring

1

1171

Fairfax

reducing

garrisons of Dorset and Devon, Cromwell those of Hampshire

1

1172

Amongst the latter

was

famous Basing House

1

1173

army

wintered

in the neighbourhood of Crediton

5

1174

Cromwell

returned

to headquarters

1

1175

Cromwell

finished

headquarters

1

1176

only field army

remaining

to the King

5

1177

Hopton

accepted

command after Goring's departure

1

1178

Hopton

tried

to revive the memories and the local patriotism of 1643

1

1179

Hopton

tried

at the last moment

1

1180

it

was

of no use to fight against the New Model with the armed rabble that Goring turned over to him

1

1181

only field army

was goring

is

5

1182

Dartmouth

surrendered

on January 18 1646

1

1183

Hopton

was defeated

at the Battle of Torrington on February 16, and surrendered the remnant of his worthless army on March 14

5

1184

Exeter

fell

on April 13

1

1185

Battle of Stow-on-the-Wold

was fought

lost at by Lord Astley on March 21, 1646

1

1186

Hereford

was taken

on December 17, 1645

1

1187

treaty

being signed

on June 24

1

1188

third siege of Oxford

ended

with a treaty

1

1189

Newark

fell

on May 6

1

1190

Wallingford Castle

fell

after a 65-day siege on July 27

1

1191

Montrose

escaped

from the Highlands

1

1192

last Royalist post of all, Harlech Castle

maintained

useless struggle until March 13, 1647

1

1193

close of the First Civil War

left

England and Scotland in the hands potentially of any one of the four parties or any combination of two or more that should prove strong enough to dominate the rest

1

1194

Charles

could come

to terms with him

1

1195

last

considered

by the rest as necessary to ensure the success

1

1196

Charles

considered

himself

1

1197

Armed political Royalism

was

indeed at an end

1

1198

he

trying

to reverse the verdict of arms by coquetting with each in turn

1

1199

he

passed

successively into the hands of the Scots, Parliament and the New Model

1

1200

finally the Presbyterian party

combined

with the Scots and the remaining Royalists

1

1201

finally the Presbyterian party

felt

itself strong enough to begin a second civil war

1

1202

Army and Parliament

widened

day by day

5


Name:	The First English Civil War (from Wikipedia) source
Modified date:	2010-02-07 06:04
Language:	English
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