Text knode: Saturn - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Fact No	Subject	Verb	Object	Weight
1	Saturn	is	sixth planet from the Sun and the second largest planet in the Solar System, after Jupiter	7
2	Saturn	is classified	as a gas giant	5
3	four planets	are	sometimes referred to as the Jovian, meaning "Jupiter-like", planets	1
4	Roman god Saturn	equated	to the Greek Kronos	5
5	Saturn	is named	after the Roman god Saturn	10
6	Saturn's symbol	represents	god's sickle	5
7	planet Saturn	is composed	of hydrogen, with small proportions of helium and trace elements	5
8	small core of rock and ice	surrounded	by a thick layer of metallic hydrogen and a gaseous outer layer	1
9	interior	consists	of a small core of rock and ice	1
10	outer atmosphere	is	generally bland in appearance	1
11	Wind speeds on Saturn	can reach	1,800 km/h, significantly faster than those on Jupiter	5
12	Saturn	has	planetary magnetic field intermediate in strength between that of Earth and the more powerful field around Jupiter	5
13	prominent system of rings	consisting	mostly of ice particles with a smaller amount of rocky debris and dust	2
14	Saturn	has	prominent system of rings	6
15	Sixty-one known moons	orbit	not counting hundreds of " moonlets" within the rings	1
16	Sixty-one known moons	orbit	planet	2
17	Titan	is	only moon in the Solar System	4
18	Titan	possess	significant atmosphere	2
19	Titan	is	larger than the planet Mercury	2
20	it	is flattened	at the poles and bulges at the equator	1
21	Saturn	is	oblate spheroid	5
22	Saturn	is	that is	5
23	equatorial and polar radii	differ	by almost 10%-60,268 km versus 54,364 km	1
24	other gas planets	are	also oblate, but to a lesser extent	1
25	Saturn	is	only planet of the Solar System that is less dense than water	7
26	Saturn's core	is	considerably denser than water	5
27	average specific density of the planet	is	0.69 g/cm³ due to the gaseous atmosphere	2
28	Saturn	is	only 95 Earth masses, compared to Jupiter, which is 318 times the mass of the Earth but only about 20% larger than Saturn	10
29	interior	having	small rocky core surrounded mostly by hydrogen and helium	1
30	it	is	thought that its interior is similar to that of Jupiter	1
31	rocky core	is	similar in composition to the Earth, but denser	1
32	core region	is estimated	to be about 9-22 times the mass of the Earth	1
33	very hot interior	reaching	11,700 °C at the core	1
34	it	receives	from the Sun	1
35	it	radiates	2.5 times more energy into space	1
36	Saturn	has	very hot interior	5
37	Saturn	may generate	heat	5
38	they	fall down	through the lighter hydrogen	1
39	additional proposed mechanism	releasing	heat by friction	1
40	additional proposed mechanism	is	raining out" of droplets of helium deep in Saturn's interior, the droplets of helium	5
41	outer atmosphere of Saturn	consists	of about 96.3% molecular hydrogen and 3.25% helium	5
42	lower level clouds	appear	to be composed of either ammonium hydrosulfide	1
43	upper clouds on Saturn	are composed	of ammonia crystals	5
44	atmosphere of Saturn	is	significantly deficient in helium relative to the abundance of the elements in the Sun	5
45	proportions	are assumed	to match the primordial abundances from the formation of the Solar System	1
46	significant fraction	located	in Saturn's core region	5
47	total mass of these elements	is estimated	to be 19-31 times the mass of the Earth, with a significant fraction	1
48	Saturn's bands	are	also much wider near the equator	5
49	Saturn's bands	are	much fainter	5
50	Saturn's celestial body atmosphere	exhibits	banded pattern similar to Jupiter	5
51	bottom, extending for 10 km and with a temperature of -23 °C, is a layer	made up	of water ice	1
52	layer of ammonium hydrosulfide ice, which extends for another 50 km	are	are ammonia ice clouds	1
53	layer of ammonium hydrosulfide ice, which extends for another 50 km	is	approximately at -93 °C. Eighty kilometers	1
54	temperatures	come	layers of visible cloud tops and a hydrogen and helium atmosphere	2
55	Saturn's winds	are	among the Solar System's fastest	6
56	Voyager data	indicate	peak easterly winds of 500 m/s	1
57	Saturn's finer cloud patterns	were not observed	until the Voyager flybys	6
58	Earth-based telescopy	has improved	to the point where regular observations can be made	1
59	Saturn's usually bland atmosphere	exhibits	long-lived ovals and other features common on Jupiter	6
60	Hubble Space Telescope	observed	enormous white cloud near Saturn's equator which was not present during the Voyager encounters, and, in 1994	6
61	1990 storm	was	example of a Great White Spot, a unique but short-lived phenomenon which occurs once every Saturnian year, or roughly every 30 Earth years, around the time of the northern hemisphere's summer solstice	1
62	1933 storm	being	being the most famous	1
63	Previous Great White Spots	were observed	in 1876, 1903, 1933, and 1960	1
64	storm	will occur	in about 2020	1
65	Saturn's northern hemisphere	can be seen	in the image below	5
66	Saturn's northern hemisphere	appears	bright blue, similar to Uranus	5
67	Saturn's rings	blocking	northern hemisphere	5
68	This blue color	be observed	from Earth	1
69	color	is	most likely caused by Rayleigh scattering	1
70	Astronomers	using	infrared imaging	1
71	only such feature	known	in the solar system	1
72	it	is	only such feature	1
73	Saturn	has	warm polar vortex	5
74	temperatures on Saturn	are	normally -185 °C	5
75	122 °C. A	persisting	hexagonal wave pattern around the north polar vortex in the atmosphere at about 78	1
76	high as -122 °C. A persisting hexagonal wave pattern around the north polar vortex in the atmosphere at about 78°N	was	first noted in the Voyager images	1
77	HST imaging of the south polar region	indicates	presence of a jet stream, but no strong polar vortex nor any hexagonal standing wave	1
78	hurricane-like' storm	locked	to the south pole that had a clearly defined eyewall	1
79	NASA	reported	in November 2006 that the Cassini spacecraft observed	1
80	eyewall clouds	been seen	on any planet other than Earth	2
81	This observation	is	particularly notable	1
82	This observation	is	including a failure to observe an eyewall in the Great Red Spot of Jupiter by the Galileo spacecraft	1
83	straight sides of the northern polar hexagon	are	about 13 800 km long	1
84	entire structure	rotates	with a period of 10h 39 m 24s, the same period as that of the planet's radio emissions, which is assumed to be equal to the period of rotation of Saturn's interior	6
85	hexagonal feature	does not shift	in longitude like the other clouds in the visible atmosphere	2
86	pattern's origin	is	matter of much speculation	1
87	hexagon	might be	novel aurora	1
88	it	was casued	by some standing-wave pattern in the atmosphere	1
89	Polygonal shapes	have been replicated	in spinning buckets of fluid in a laboratory	1
90	Saturn	has	intrinsic magnetic field that has a simple, symmetric shape-a magnetic dipole	5
91	strength at the equator-0.2 gauss	is	approximately one twentieth than that of the field around Jupiter and slightly weaker than Earth's magnetic field	1
92	cronian magnetosphere	extends	slightly beyond the orbit of Titan	2
93	cronian magnetosphere	is	much smaller than the jovian	1
94	magnetic field	is generated	similarly to that of Jupiter-by currents in the metallic-hydrogen layer, which is called a metallic-hydrogen dynamo	1
95	this magnetosphere	is	efficient at deflecting the solar wind particles from the Sun	1
96	moon Titan	contributes	plasma from the ionized particles in Titan's outer atmosphere	4
97	moon Titan	orbits	within the outer part of Saturn's magnetosphere	7
98	average distance between Saturn and the Sun	is	over 1 400 000 000 km	5
99	average distance between Saturn and the Sun	is	9 AU	5
100	it	takes	Saturn 10 759 Earth days	1
101	it	takes	to finish one revolution around the Sun	1
102	elliptical orbit of Saturn	is inclined	2.48° relative to the orbital plane of the Earth	5
103	distance between Saturn and the Sun	varies	by approximately 155 000 000 km between perihelion and aphelion, which are the nearest and most distant points of the planet along its orbital path, respectively	6
104	I	encompasses	Equatorial Zone	1
105	I	has	period of 10 h 14 min 00 s	1
106	multiple rotation periods	have been assigned	to various regions	1
107	visible features on Saturn	rotate	at different rates depending on latitude	5
108	All other Saturnian latitudes	have been assigned	rotation period of 10 h 39 min 24 s	1
109	System III	based	on radio emissions from the planet in the period of the Voyager flybys	3
110	it	is	very close to System II	1
111	System III	has	period of 10 h 39 min 22.4 s	1
112	precise value for the rotation period of the interior	remains	elusive	1
113	Cassini spacecraft	found	that the radio rotation period of Saturn had increased appreciably, to approximately 10 h 45 m 45 s	6
114	cause of the change	was thought	to be due to a movement of the radio source to a different latitude inside Saturn, with a different rotational period, rather than because of a change in Saturn's rotation	5
115	rotation of the radio emissions	is produced	by convection of the plasma disc, which is dependent also on other factors besides the planet's rotation	2
116	it	was found	that the rotation of the radio emissions did not trace the rotation of the planet	1
117	It	was reported	that the variance in measured rotation periods may be caused by geyser activity on Saturn's moon Enceladus	6
118	water vapor	emitted	into Saturn's orbit by this activity	5
119	Saturn's magnetic field	slowing	rotation slightly relative to the rotation of the planet	6
120	water vapor	becomes	charged and "weighs down" Saturn's magnetic field	5
121	it	was stated	that there is no currently known method of determining the rotation rate of Saturn's core	5
122	Saturn's rotation	based	on a compilation of various measurements from the Cassini, Voyager and Pioneer probes	6
123	latest estimate of Saturn's rotation	was reported	in September 2007	5
124	Saturn	is	probably best known for its system of planetary rings, which makes it the most visually remarkable object in the solar system	6
125	They	are composed	of 93 percent water ice with a smattering of tholin impurities	1
126	7 percent	amorphous	carbon	1
127	They	extend	from 6 630 km to 120 700 km above Saturn's equator	5
128	particles	make up	rings	1
129	particles	range	in size from specks of dust to the size of a small automobile	1
130	One theory	is	that the rings are remnants of a destroyed moon of Saturn	6
131	second theory	is	that the rings are left over from the original nebular material from which Saturn formed	5
132	discovery	was announced	of a tenuous outer disk of material that is in the plane of Phoebe's orbit, which is tilted 27 degrees from Saturn's equatorial plane	5
133	ring	is thought	to originate from micrometeoroid impacts on Phoebe, which orbits at an average distance of 215 Saturn radii	1
134	ring	is	128 to 207 times the radius of Saturn	5
135	ring material	share	Phoebe's retrograde orbital motion	1
136	infalling material	can not be	directly responsible for the observed pattern of light and dark regions on Iapetus	1
137	ice	sublimes	from warmer regions and condenses onto cooler regions	1
138	it	is believed	to have initiated a runaway thermal self-segregation process	1
139	Saturn	has	at least 62 moons	6
140	Titan	comprises	more than 90 percent of the mass in orbit around Saturn, including the rings	6
141	Saturn's second largest moon Rhea	may have	tenuous ring system of its own	7
142	34	are	less than 10 km in diameter, and another 14 less than 50 km	1
143	most of Saturn's moons	have been named	after Titans of Greek mythology	6
144	first era	was	ancient observations	1
145	other type	is visitation	by spacecraft, either	1
146	earth	orbiting	observatories	1
147	observations	continue	from the earth	1
148	Saturn	has been known	since prehistoric times	5
149	it	was	most distant of the five known planets in the solar system	1
150	planet	takes	name	1
151	god Saturnus	was	god of the agricultural and harvest sector	1
152	Romans	considered	Saturnus the equivalent of the Greek god Kronos	1
153	Greeks	had made	outermost planet sacred to Kronos	1
154	nine astrological objects	known	as Navagrahas	1
155	Saturn	is known	Sani" or " Shani	5
156	Judge among all the planets, and by everyone accordingly to their own	performed	deeds bad or good	1
157	Ancient Chinese and Japanese culture	designated	planet Saturn as	5
158	Saturn	is called	Shabbathai	5
159	Saturn's rings	require	to resolve	5
160	Galileo	saw	them in 1610	1
161	Saturn's rings	were not known	to exist	5
162	Saturn's rings	require	at least a 15 mm diameter telescope	5
163	He	thought	of them as two moons on Saturn's sides	6
164	Christian Huygens	used	greater telescopic magnification that this notion was refuted	1
165	It	was not	until Christian Huygens	1
166	Huygens	discovered	Saturn's moon Titan	7
167	Giovanni Domenico Cassini	discovered	four other moons: Iapetus, Rhea, Tethys, and Dione	2
168	gap	known	as the Cassini Division	1
169	Cassini	discovered	gap	1
170	William Herschel	discovered	two further moons, Mimas and Enceladus	2
171	irregularly shaped satellite Hyperion	has	resonance with Titan	1
172	irregularly shaped satellite Hyperion	was discovered	in 1848 by a British team	1
173	William Henry Pickering	discovered	Phoebe, a highly irregular satellite that does not rotate synchronously with Saturn as the larger moons do	5
174	it	takes	more than a year to orbit Saturn in a retrograde orbit	5
175	Phoebe	was	first such satellite found	1
176	research on Titan	led	to the confirmation in 1944 that it had a thick atmosphere-a feature unique among the solar system's moons	4
177	Saturn	was	first visited by Pioneer 11 in September 1979	5
178	It	flew	within 20 000 km of the planet's cloud tops	2
179	resolution of the images	discern	surface features	1
180	Low resolution images	were acquired	of the planet and a few of its moons	3
181	dark gaps in the rings	viewed	towards the Sun, or in other words	1
182	they	are not	empty of material	1
183	spacecraft	studied	rings	1
184	Pioneer 11	measured	temperature of Titan	1
185	Voyager 1 probe	visited	Saturn system	6
186	It	sent back	first high-resolution images of the planet, rings, and satellites	2
187	Surface features of various moons	were seen	for the first time	1
188	Voyager 1	performed	greatly increasing our knowledge of the atmosphere of the moon	3
189	Voyager 1	performed	close flyby of Titan	2
190	it	proved	that Titan's atmosphere is impenetrable in visible wavelengths	2
191	flyby	changed	spacecraft's trajectory out from the plane of the solar system	2
192	Voyager 2	continued	study of the Saturn system	6
193	Saturn's moons	were acquired	evidence of changes in the atmosphere and the rings	7
194	probe's turnable camera platform	stuck	for a couple of days	1
195	Saturn's gravity	was used	to direct the spacecraft's trajectory towards Uranus	5
196	new satellites	orbiting	planet's rings	1
197	They	discovered	small Maxwell gap	1
198	Cassini-Huygens spacecraft	entered	into orbit around Saturn	5
199	Cassini-Huygens spacecraft	performed	maneuver	1
200	Cassini	studied	system extensively	2
201	it	had conducted	sending back high-resolution images and data	1
202	it	had conducted	close flyby of Phoebe	1
203	Cassini's flyby of Saturn's largest moon, Titan	has captured	radar images of large lakes and their coastlines with numerous islands and mountains	7
204	orbiter	completed	two Titan flybys before releasing the Huygens probe on December 25, 2004	2
205	Huygens	descended	sending a flood of data during the atmospheric descent and after the landing	1
206	Huygens	descended	onto the surface of Titan on January 14, 2005	1
207	Cassini	conducted	multiple flybys of Titan and icy satellites	2
208	Cassini's last Titan flyby	started	on March 23, 2008	1
209	Saturn	found	by Cassini	5
210	scientists	have been tracking	lightning on Saturn	5
211	power of the lightning	is said	to be approximately 1000 times that of lightning on Earth	1
212	storm	associated	with it	1
213	scientists	believe	that the storm associated with it is the strongest of its kind ever seen	1
214	NASA	reported	that, through images, the Cassini probe found evidence of liquid water reservoirs that erupt in geysers on Saturn's moon Enceladus	7
215	liquid state	emitted	by icy jets and towering plumes	1
216	Images	shown	particles of water in its liquid state	1
217	liquid-water oceans	covered	by kilometers of icy crust	1
218	Other moons in the solar system	have	liquid-water oceans	2
219	different	is	that pockets of liquid water may be no more than tens of meters below the surface	1
220	Cassini probe photograph	revealed	previously undiscovered planetary ring, outside the brighter main rings of Saturn and inside the G and E rings	6
221	source of this ring	is	result of the crashing of a meteoroid off two of the moons of Saturn	6
222	Cassini	saw	first proof of hydrocarbon lakes near Titan's north pole, which was confirmed in January 2007	2
223	largest of which	is	almost the size of the Caspian Sea	1
224	additional images near Titan's north pole	discovered	hydrocarbon "seas"	2
225	probe	detected	8,000 km diameter hurricane with an eyewall at Saturn's South Pole	5
226	probe	has discovered	8 new satellites	1
227	probe	confirmed	8 new satellites	1
228	spacecraft	had completed	74 orbits around the planet	1
229	primary mission	ended	in 2008	1
230	probe	is	now in its first mission extension	1
231	Saturn	being	Mercury, Venus, Mars, and Jupiter	5
232	Uranus	was discovered	in 1781	1
233	last planet	known	to early astronomers	1
234	4 Vesta	was	last planet	1
235	Saturn	is	most distant of the five planets easily visible to the naked eye, the other four	5
236	Saturn	takes	to make a complete circuit of the ecliptic against the background constellations of the zodiac	5
237	Saturn	takes	approximately 29½ years	5
238	Saturn	appears	to the naked eye in the night sky as a bright, yellowish point of light whose magnitude is usually between +1 and 0	5
239	optical aid	magnifying	at least 20X to clearly resolve Saturn's rings	5
240	it	is	visible in the sky	1
241	it	is	rewarding target for observation for most of the time	1
242	it	is	at an elongation of 180° and thus appears opposite the Sun in the sky	1
243	planet	is	at or near opposition	1
244	Saturn and its rings	are	best seen	5
245	Saturn	appeared	brightest due to a favorable orientation of its rings relative to the Earth	5
246	Saturn	is	ruling planet of Capricorn and, traditionally	6
247	Saturnalia	is	Ancient Roman festival	1
248	Operation Saturn	was	Red Army operation on the Eastern Front of World War II that led to battles in the northern Caucasus and Donets Basin regions of the Soviet Union from December 1942 to February 1943	5
249	mostly German rocket scientists	led	by Wernher von Braun to launch heavy payloads to Earth orbit	1
250	Saturn family of rockets	were developed	by a team of mostly German rocket scientists	5
251	they	were adopted	as the launch vehicles for the Apollo program	1
252	automobile manufacturer and marque	established	on January 7, 1985 as a subsidiary of General Motors in response to the success of Japanese automobile imports in the United States	1
253	Saturn Corporation	is	automobile manufacturer and marque	5
254	Saturn Electronics Corporation	is	PCB Manufacturing firm based in Romulus, Michigan, United States which was founded in 1985	5
255	electronics stores	found	in several European countries	1
256	Saturn	is	German chain of electronics stores	5
257	Saturn	sells	household appliances, home entertainment, and media such as CDs and DVDs	5

1

Saturn

is

sixth planet from the Sun and the second largest planet in the Solar System, after Jupiter

7

2

Saturn

is classified

as a gas giant

5

3

four planets

are

sometimes referred to as the Jovian, meaning "Jupiter-like", planets

1

4

Roman god Saturn

equated

to the Greek Kronos

5

Saturn

is named

after the Roman god Saturn

10

6

Saturn's symbol

represents

god's sickle

5

7

planet Saturn

is composed

of hydrogen, with small proportions of helium and trace elements

5

8

small core of rock and ice

surrounded

by a thick layer of metallic hydrogen and a gaseous outer layer

1

9

interior

consists

of a small core of rock and ice

1

10

outer atmosphere

is

generally bland in appearance

1

11

Wind speeds on Saturn

can reach

1,800 km/h, significantly faster than those on Jupiter

5

12

Saturn

has

planetary magnetic field intermediate in strength between that of Earth and the more powerful field around Jupiter

5

13

prominent system of rings

consisting

mostly of ice particles with a smaller amount of rocky debris and dust

2

14

Saturn

has

prominent system of rings

6

15

Sixty-one known moons

orbit

not counting hundreds of " moonlets" within the rings

1

16

Sixty-one known moons

orbit

planet

2

17

Titan

is

only moon in the Solar System

4

18

Titan

possess

significant atmosphere

2

19

Titan

is

larger than the planet Mercury

2

20

it

is flattened

at the poles and bulges at the equator

1

21

Saturn

is

oblate spheroid

5

22

Saturn

is

that is

5

23

equatorial and polar radii

differ

by almost 10%-60,268 km versus 54,364 km

1

24

other gas planets

are

also oblate, but to a lesser extent

1

25

Saturn

is

only planet of the Solar System that is less dense than water

7

26

Saturn's core

is

considerably denser than water

5

27

average specific density of the planet

is

0.69 g/cm³ due to the gaseous atmosphere

2

28

Saturn

is

only 95 Earth masses, compared to Jupiter, which is 318 times the mass of the Earth but only about 20% larger than Saturn

10

29

interior

having

small rocky core surrounded mostly by hydrogen and helium

1

30

it

is

thought that its interior is similar to that of Jupiter

1

31

rocky core

is

similar in composition to the Earth, but denser

1

32

core region

is estimated

to be about 9-22 times the mass of the Earth

1

33

very hot interior

reaching

11,700 °C at the core

1

34

it

receives

from the Sun

1

35

it

radiates

2.5 times more energy into space

1

36

Saturn

has

very hot interior

5

37

Saturn

may generate

heat

5

38

they

fall down

through the lighter hydrogen

1

39

additional proposed mechanism

releasing

heat by friction

1

40

additional proposed mechanism

is

raining out" of droplets of helium deep in Saturn's interior, the droplets of helium

5

41

outer atmosphere of Saturn

consists

of about 96.3% molecular hydrogen and 3.25% helium

5

42

lower level clouds

appear

to be composed of either ammonium hydrosulfide

1

43

upper clouds on Saturn

are composed

of ammonia crystals

5

44

atmosphere of Saturn

is

significantly deficient in helium relative to the abundance of the elements in the Sun

5

45

proportions

are assumed

to match the primordial abundances from the formation of the Solar System

1

46

significant fraction

located

in Saturn's core region

5

47

total mass of these elements

is estimated

to be 19-31 times the mass of the Earth, with a significant fraction

1

48

Saturn's bands

are

also much wider near the equator

5

49

Saturn's bands

are

much fainter

5

50

Saturn's celestial body atmosphere

exhibits

banded pattern similar to Jupiter

5

51

bottom, extending for 10 km and with a temperature of -23 °C, is a layer

made up

of water ice

1

52

layer of ammonium hydrosulfide ice, which extends for another 50 km

are

are ammonia ice clouds

1

53

layer of ammonium hydrosulfide ice, which extends for another 50 km

is

approximately at -93 °C. Eighty kilometers

1

54

temperatures

come

layers of visible cloud tops and a hydrogen and helium atmosphere

2

55

Saturn's winds

are

among the Solar System's fastest

6

56

Voyager data

indicate

peak easterly winds of 500 m/s

1

57

Saturn's finer cloud patterns

were not observed

until the Voyager flybys

6

58

Earth-based telescopy

has improved

to the point where regular observations can be made

1

59

Saturn's usually bland atmosphere

exhibits

long-lived ovals and other features common on Jupiter

6

60

Hubble Space Telescope

observed

enormous white cloud near Saturn's equator which was not present during the Voyager encounters, and, in 1994

6

61

1990 storm

was

example of a Great White Spot, a unique but short-lived phenomenon which occurs once every Saturnian year, or roughly every 30 Earth years, around the time of the northern hemisphere's summer solstice

1

62

1933 storm

being

being the most famous

1

63

Previous Great White Spots

were observed

in 1876, 1903, 1933, and 1960

1

64

storm

will occur

in about 2020

1

65

Saturn's northern hemisphere

can be seen

in the image below

5

66

Saturn's northern hemisphere

appears

bright blue, similar to Uranus

5

67

Saturn's rings

blocking

northern hemisphere

5

68

This blue color

be observed

from Earth

1

69

color

is

most likely caused by Rayleigh scattering

1

70

Astronomers

using

infrared imaging

1

71

only such feature

known

in the solar system

1

72

it

is

only such feature

1

73

Saturn

has

warm polar vortex

5

74

temperatures on Saturn

are

normally -185 °C

5

75

122 °C. A

persisting

hexagonal wave pattern around the north polar vortex in the atmosphere at about 78

1

76

high as -122 °C. A persisting hexagonal wave pattern around the north polar vortex in the atmosphere at about 78°N

was

first noted in the Voyager images

1

77

HST imaging of the south polar region

indicates

presence of a jet stream, but no strong polar vortex nor any hexagonal standing wave

1

78

hurricane-like' storm

locked

to the south pole that had a clearly defined eyewall

1

79

NASA

reported

in November 2006 that the Cassini spacecraft observed

1

80

eyewall clouds

been seen

on any planet other than Earth

2

81

This observation

is

particularly notable

1

82

This observation

is

including a failure to observe an eyewall in the Great Red Spot of Jupiter by the Galileo spacecraft

1

83

straight sides of the northern polar hexagon

are

about 13 800 km long

1

84

entire structure

rotates

with a period of 10h 39 m 24s, the same period as that of the planet's radio emissions, which is assumed to be equal to the period of rotation of Saturn's interior

6

85

hexagonal feature

does not shift

in longitude like the other clouds in the visible atmosphere

2

86

pattern's origin

is

matter of much speculation

1

87

hexagon

might be

novel aurora

1

88

it

was casued

by some standing-wave pattern in the atmosphere

1

89

Polygonal shapes

have been replicated

in spinning buckets of fluid in a laboratory

1

90

Saturn

has

intrinsic magnetic field that has a simple, symmetric shape-a magnetic dipole

5

91

strength at the equator-0.2 gauss

is

approximately one twentieth than that of the field around Jupiter and slightly weaker than Earth's magnetic field

1

92

cronian magnetosphere

extends

slightly beyond the orbit of Titan

2

93

cronian magnetosphere

is

much smaller than the jovian

1

94

magnetic field

is generated

similarly to that of Jupiter-by currents in the metallic-hydrogen layer, which is called a metallic-hydrogen dynamo

1

95

this magnetosphere

is

efficient at deflecting the solar wind particles from the Sun

1

96

moon Titan

contributes

plasma from the ionized particles in Titan's outer atmosphere

4

97

moon Titan

orbits

within the outer part of Saturn's magnetosphere

7

98

average distance between Saturn and the Sun

is

over 1 400 000 000 km

5

99

average distance between Saturn and the Sun

is

9 AU

5

100

it

takes

Saturn 10 759 Earth days

1

101

it

takes

to finish one revolution around the Sun

1

102

elliptical orbit of Saturn

is inclined

2.48° relative to the orbital plane of the Earth

5

103

distance between Saturn and the Sun

varies

by approximately 155 000 000 km between perihelion and aphelion, which are the nearest and most distant points of the planet along its orbital path, respectively

6

104

I

encompasses

Equatorial Zone

1

105

I

has

period of 10 h 14 min 00 s

1

106

multiple rotation periods

have been assigned

to various regions

1

107

visible features on Saturn

rotate

at different rates depending on latitude

5

108

All other Saturnian latitudes

have been assigned

rotation period of 10 h 39 min 24 s

1

109

System III

based

on radio emissions from the planet in the period of the Voyager flybys

3

110

it

is

very close to System II

1

111

System III

has

period of 10 h 39 min 22.4 s

1

112

precise value for the rotation period of the interior

remains

elusive

1

113

Cassini spacecraft

found

that the radio rotation period of Saturn had increased appreciably, to approximately 10 h 45 m 45 s

6

114

cause of the change

was thought

to be due to a movement of the radio source to a different latitude inside Saturn, with a different rotational period, rather than because of a change in Saturn's rotation

5

115

rotation of the radio emissions

is produced

by convection of the plasma disc, which is dependent also on other factors besides the planet's rotation

2

116

it

was found

that the rotation of the radio emissions did not trace the rotation of the planet

1

117

It

was reported

that the variance in measured rotation periods may be caused by geyser activity on Saturn's moon Enceladus

6

118

water vapor

emitted

into Saturn's orbit by this activity

5

119

Saturn's magnetic field

slowing

rotation slightly relative to the rotation of the planet

6

120

water vapor

becomes

charged and "weighs down" Saturn's magnetic field

5

121

it

was stated

that there is no currently known method of determining the rotation rate of Saturn's core

5

122

Saturn's rotation

based

on a compilation of various measurements from the Cassini, Voyager and Pioneer probes

6

123

latest estimate of Saturn's rotation

was reported

in September 2007

5

124

Saturn

is

probably best known for its system of planetary rings, which makes it the most visually remarkable object in the solar system

6

125

They

are composed

of 93 percent water ice with a smattering of tholin impurities

1

126

7 percent

amorphous

carbon

1

127

They

extend

from 6 630 km to 120 700 km above Saturn's equator

5

128

particles

make up

rings

1

129

particles

range

in size from specks of dust to the size of a small automobile

1

130

One theory

is

that the rings are remnants of a destroyed moon of Saturn

6

131

second theory

is

that the rings are left over from the original nebular material from which Saturn formed

5

132

discovery

was announced

of a tenuous outer disk of material that is in the plane of Phoebe's orbit, which is tilted 27 degrees from Saturn's equatorial plane

5

133

ring

is thought

to originate from micrometeoroid impacts on Phoebe, which orbits at an average distance of 215 Saturn radii

1

134

ring

is

128 to 207 times the radius of Saturn

5

135

ring material

share

Phoebe's retrograde orbital motion

1

136

infalling material

can not be

directly responsible for the observed pattern of light and dark regions on Iapetus

1

137

ice

sublimes

from warmer regions and condenses onto cooler regions

1

138

it

is believed

to have initiated a runaway thermal self-segregation process

1

139

Saturn

has

at least 62 moons

6

140

Titan

comprises

more than 90 percent of the mass in orbit around Saturn, including the rings

6

141

Saturn's second largest moon Rhea

may have

tenuous ring system of its own

7

142

34

are

less than 10 km in diameter, and another 14 less than 50 km

1

143

most of Saturn's moons

have been named

after Titans of Greek mythology

6

144

first era

was

ancient observations

1

145

other type

is visitation

by spacecraft, either

1

146

earth

orbiting

observatories

1

147

observations

continue

from the earth

1

148

Saturn

has been known

since prehistoric times

5

149

it

was

most distant of the five known planets in the solar system

1

150

planet

takes

name

1

151

god Saturnus

was

god of the agricultural and harvest sector

1

152

Romans

considered

Saturnus the equivalent of the Greek god Kronos

1

153

Greeks

had made

outermost planet sacred to Kronos

1

154

nine astrological objects

known

as Navagrahas

1

155

Saturn

is known

Sani" or " Shani

5

156

Judge among all the planets, and by everyone accordingly to their own

performed

deeds bad or good

1

157

Ancient Chinese and Japanese culture

designated

planet Saturn as

5

158

Saturn

is called

Shabbathai

5

159

Saturn's rings

require

to resolve

5

160

Galileo

saw

them in 1610

1

161

Saturn's rings

were not known

to exist

5

162

Saturn's rings

require

at least a 15 mm diameter telescope

5

163

He

thought

of them as two moons on Saturn's sides

6

164

Christian Huygens

used

greater telescopic magnification that this notion was refuted

1

165

It

was not

until Christian Huygens

1

166

Huygens

discovered

Saturn's moon Titan

7

167

Giovanni Domenico Cassini

discovered

four other moons: Iapetus, Rhea, Tethys, and Dione

2

168

gap

known

as the Cassini Division

1

169

Cassini

discovered

gap

1

170

William Herschel

discovered

two further moons, Mimas and Enceladus

2

171

irregularly shaped satellite Hyperion

has

resonance with Titan

1

172

irregularly shaped satellite Hyperion

was discovered

in 1848 by a British team

1

173

William Henry Pickering

discovered

Phoebe, a highly irregular satellite that does not rotate synchronously with Saturn as the larger moons do

5

174

it

takes

more than a year to orbit Saturn in a retrograde orbit

5

175

Phoebe

was

first such satellite found

1

176

research on Titan

led

to the confirmation in 1944 that it had a thick atmosphere-a feature unique among the solar system's moons

4

177

Saturn

was

first visited by Pioneer 11 in September 1979

5

178

It

flew

within 20 000 km of the planet's cloud tops

2

179

resolution of the images

discern

surface features

1

180

Low resolution images

were acquired

of the planet and a few of its moons

3

181

dark gaps in the rings

viewed

towards the Sun, or in other words

1

182

they

are not

empty of material

1

183

spacecraft

studied

rings

1

184

Pioneer 11

measured

temperature of Titan

1

185

Voyager 1 probe

visited

Saturn system

6

186

It

sent back

first high-resolution images of the planet, rings, and satellites

2

187

Surface features of various moons

were seen

for the first time

1

188

Voyager 1

performed

greatly increasing our knowledge of the atmosphere of the moon

3

189

Voyager 1

performed

close flyby of Titan

2

190

it

proved

that Titan's atmosphere is impenetrable in visible wavelengths

2

191

flyby

changed

spacecraft's trajectory out from the plane of the solar system

2

192

Voyager 2

continued

study of the Saturn system

6

193

Saturn's moons

were acquired

evidence of changes in the atmosphere and the rings

7

194

probe's turnable camera platform

stuck

for a couple of days

1

195

Saturn's gravity

was used

to direct the spacecraft's trajectory towards Uranus

5

196

new satellites

orbiting

planet's rings

1

197

They

discovered

small Maxwell gap

1

198

Cassini-Huygens spacecraft

entered

into orbit around Saturn

5

199

Cassini-Huygens spacecraft

performed

maneuver

1

200

Cassini

studied

system extensively

2

201

it

had conducted

sending back high-resolution images and data

1

202

it

had conducted

close flyby of Phoebe

1

203

Cassini's flyby of Saturn's largest moon, Titan

has captured

radar images of large lakes and their coastlines with numerous islands and mountains

7

204

orbiter

completed

two Titan flybys before releasing the Huygens probe on December 25, 2004

2

205

Huygens

descended

sending a flood of data during the atmospheric descent and after the landing

1

206

Huygens

descended

onto the surface of Titan on January 14, 2005

1

207

Cassini

conducted

multiple flybys of Titan and icy satellites

2

208

Cassini's last Titan flyby

started

on March 23, 2008

1

209

Saturn

found

by Cassini

5

210

scientists

have been tracking

lightning on Saturn

5

211

power of the lightning

is said

to be approximately 1000 times that of lightning on Earth

1

212

storm

associated

with it

1

213

scientists

believe

that the storm associated with it is the strongest of its kind ever seen

1

214

NASA

reported

that, through images, the Cassini probe found evidence of liquid water reservoirs that erupt in geysers on Saturn's moon Enceladus

7

215

liquid state

emitted

by icy jets and towering plumes

1

216

Images

shown

particles of water in its liquid state

1

217

liquid-water oceans

covered

by kilometers of icy crust

1

218

Other moons in the solar system

have

liquid-water oceans

2

219

different

is

that pockets of liquid water may be no more than tens of meters below the surface

1

220

Cassini probe photograph

revealed

previously undiscovered planetary ring, outside the brighter main rings of Saturn and inside the G and E rings

6

221

source of this ring

is

result of the crashing of a meteoroid off two of the moons of Saturn

6

222

Cassini

saw

first proof of hydrocarbon lakes near Titan's north pole, which was confirmed in January 2007

2

223

largest of which

is

almost the size of the Caspian Sea

1

224

additional images near Titan's north pole

discovered

hydrocarbon "seas"

2

225

probe

detected

8,000 km diameter hurricane with an eyewall at Saturn's South Pole

5

226

probe

has discovered

8 new satellites

1

227

probe

confirmed

8 new satellites

1

228

spacecraft

had completed

74 orbits around the planet

1

229

primary mission

ended

in 2008

1

230

probe

is

now in its first mission extension

1

231

Saturn

being

Mercury, Venus, Mars, and Jupiter

5

232

Uranus

was discovered

in 1781

1

233

last planet

known

to early astronomers

1

234

4 Vesta

was

last planet

1

235

Saturn

is

most distant of the five planets easily visible to the naked eye, the other four

5

236

Saturn

takes

to make a complete circuit of the ecliptic against the background constellations of the zodiac

5

237

Saturn

takes

approximately 29½ years

5

238

Saturn

appears

to the naked eye in the night sky as a bright, yellowish point of light whose magnitude is usually between +1 and 0

5

239

optical aid

magnifying

at least 20X to clearly resolve Saturn's rings

5

240

it

is

visible in the sky

1

241

it

is

rewarding target for observation for most of the time

1

242

it

is

at an elongation of 180° and thus appears opposite the Sun in the sky

1

243

planet

is

at or near opposition

1

244

Saturn and its rings

are

best seen

5

245

Saturn

appeared

brightest due to a favorable orientation of its rings relative to the Earth

5

246

Saturn

is

ruling planet of Capricorn and, traditionally

6

247

Saturnalia

is

Ancient Roman festival

1

248

Operation Saturn

was

Red Army operation on the Eastern Front of World War II that led to battles in the northern Caucasus and Donets Basin regions of the Soviet Union from December 1942 to February 1943

5

249

mostly German rocket scientists

led

by Wernher von Braun to launch heavy payloads to Earth orbit

1

250

Saturn family of rockets

were developed

by a team of mostly German rocket scientists

5

251

they

were adopted

as the launch vehicles for the Apollo program

1

252

automobile manufacturer and marque

established

on January 7, 1985 as a subsidiary of General Motors in response to the success of Japanese automobile imports in the United States

1

253

Saturn Corporation

is

automobile manufacturer and marque

5

254

Saturn Electronics Corporation

is

PCB Manufacturing firm based in Romulus, Michigan, United States which was founded in 1985

5

255

electronics stores

found

in several European countries

1

256

Saturn

is

German chain of electronics stores

5

257

Saturn

sells

household appliances, home entertainment, and media such as CDs and DVDs

5


Name:	Saturn - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia source
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